Department of Bio-Agrofood Science, Institute for Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, I-80147 Naples, Italy.
Department of Biology, University "Federico II", I-80134 Naples, Italy.
Nutrients. 2020 Dec 22;13(1):1. doi: 10.3390/nu13010001.
Fructose consumption has drastically increased during the last decades due to the extensive commercial use of high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener for beverages, snacks and baked goods. Fructose overconsumption is known to induce obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and inflammation, and its metabolism is considered partially responsible for its role in several metabolic diseases. Indeed, the primary metabolites and by-products of gut and hepatic fructolysis may impair the functions of extrahepatic tissues and organs. However, fructose itself causes an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion that triggers inflammation and oxidative stress. Many studies have dealt with the effects of this sugar on various organs, while the impact of fructose on brain function is, to date, less explored, despite the relevance of this issue. Notably, fructose transporters and fructose metabolizing enzymes are present in brain cells. In addition, it has emerged that fructose consumption, even in the short term, can adversely influence brain health by promoting neuroinflammation, brain mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, as well as insulin resistance. Fructose influence on synaptic plasticity and cognition, with a major impact on critical regions for learning and memory, was also reported. In this review, we discuss emerging data about fructose effects on brain health in rodent models, with special reference to the regulation of food intake, inflammation, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, insulin signaling and cognitive function.
果糖的消费在过去几十年中急剧增加，这是由于高果糖玉米糖浆作为饮料、小吃和烘焙食品的甜味剂被广泛商业使用。过量摄入果糖已知会导致肥胖、血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗和炎症，其代谢被认为部分导致了其在几种代谢疾病中的作用。事实上，肠道和肝脏果糖分解的主要代谢物和副产物可能会损害肝外组织和器官的功能。然而，果糖本身会导致三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 耗竭，从而引发炎症和氧化应激。许多研究都涉及到这种糖对各种器官的影响，而迄今为止，果糖对大脑功能的影响研究较少，尽管这个问题很重要。值得注意的是，果糖转运蛋白和果糖代谢酶存在于脑细胞中。此外，已经出现的是，即使是短期摄入果糖，也会通过促进神经炎症、脑线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激以及胰岛素抵抗，对大脑健康产生不利影响。还报道了果糖对突触可塑性和认知的影响，对学习和记忆的关键区域有重大影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了关于果糖对啮齿动物模型大脑健康影响的新数据，特别参考了对食物摄入、炎症、线粒体功能和氧化应激、胰岛素信号和认知功能的调节。
