Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRPPS), Rome, Italy.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Dec;24(24):13037-13043. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202012_24209.
The hypothesis that gender stereotypes influence human behaviour and relational well-being is widely accepted in the literature. However, a comparison based on scientific assumptions is necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms activated by stereotypes in conditions of stress. The global health emergency from COVID-19 offers the opportunity to compare countries with different socio-cultural conditions, whose population has been subjected to the same stressful event during the lockdown phase.
The same questionnaire was disseminated in both Italy and Turkey during their respective lockdown phases. 140,000 interviews were collected in Italy and 10,000 in Turkey, a number big enough to obtain useful information for a comparative analysis in relation to behaviours, attitudes and well-being, also using the recursive regression models.
The results, based on scientific data, show that gender stereotypes are much more rooted in Turkey than in Italy, where the emancipation process of the population is more advanced, producing profound social changes and decreasing differences between men and women in terms of behaviour and reactions to difficult situations, such as the present one.
Stereotypes, which are hostile to any opposite evidence, affect individual behaviours and attitudes to the point that, within a specific context, they play a protective role against the uncertainty during a period of health emergency, inducing people to seek shelter in pre-established and widespread behavioural models. According to the data analysis, this has happened in Turkey more than in Italy. The results show that within a culture still strongly pervaded by these social conditioning, especially at the presence of low levels of education, the adherence to gender roles constitutes a "protective factor" of the individual well-being against external stress factors.
性别刻板印象影响人类行为和人际关系幸福感，这一假说在文献中得到广泛认可。然而，为了深入了解刻板印象在压力条件下激活的机制，需要基于科学假设进行比较。COVID-19 带来的全球卫生紧急情况提供了一个机会，可以比较具有不同社会文化条件的国家，这些国家的人口在封锁阶段都经历了同样的压力事件。
在意大利和土耳其的封锁阶段，同时分发了同一份问卷。在意大利收集了 14 万次访谈，在土耳其收集了 1 万次访谈，数量之大足以获得与行为、态度和幸福感相关的有用信息，同时还使用了递归回归模型。
基于科学数据的结果表明，性别刻板印象在土耳其比在意大利更为根深蒂固，意大利的人口解放进程更为先进，产生了深刻的社会变革，减少了男女在行为和对困难情况（如当前情况）的反应方面的差异。
刻板印象对任何相反的证据都是敌对的，它影响着个人的行为和态度，以至于在特定背景下，它们在健康紧急时期起到了保护作用，促使人们在既定和广泛的行为模式中寻求庇护。根据数据分析，这种情况在土耳其比在意大利更为明显。结果表明，在一个仍然深受这些社会制约影响的文化中，尤其是在教育水平较低的情况下，对性别角色的坚持构成了个人幸福免受外部压力因素影响的“保护因素”。
