Laboratory of Algal Biology, Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India.
Leading Researcher Microbial Physiology Lab., Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Plants & Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Entuziastov av., 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111662. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111662. Epub 2020 Nov 29.
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are employed in a variety of medical and non-medical applications. Over the past two decades, there has been substantial research on the impact of metallic nanoparticles on algae and cyanobacteria, which are at the base of aquatic food webs. In this review, the current status of our understanding of mechanisms of uptake and toxicity of MNPs and metal ions released from MNPs after dissolution in the surrounding environment were discussed. Also, the trophic transfer of MNPs in aquatic food webs was analyzed in this review. Approximately all metallic nanoparticles cause toxicity in algae. Predominantly, MNPs are less toxic compared to their corresponding metal ions. There is a sufficient evidence for the trophic transfer of MNPs in aquatic food webs. Internalization of MNPs is indisputable in algae, however, mechanisms of their transmembrane transport are inadequately known. Most of the toxicity studies are carried out with solitary species of MNPs under laboratory conditions rarely found in natural ecosystems. Oxidative stress is the primary toxicity mechanism of MNPs, however, oxidative stress seems a general response predictable to other abiotic stresses. MNP-specific toxicity in an algal cell is yet unknown. Lastly, the mechanism of MNP internalization, toxicity, and excretion in algae needs to be understood carefully for the risk assessment of MNPs to aquatic biota.
金属纳米粒子（MNPs）在多种医学和非医学应用中得到了广泛应用。在过去的二十年中，人们对金属纳米粒子对藻类和蓝细菌的影响进行了大量研究，藻类和蓝细菌是水生食物网的基础。在这篇综述中，讨论了目前我们对 MNPs 摄取和毒性机制以及 MNPs 在周围环境中溶解后释放的金属离子毒性机制的理解现状。此外，还分析了 MNPs 在水生食物网中的营养转移。几乎所有的金属纳米粒子都会对藻类产生毒性。主要的是，MNPs 的毒性比其相应的金属离子要低。有充分的证据表明 MNPs 在水生食物网中发生了营养转移。MNPs 在藻类中的内化是不可否认的，但是，它们跨膜运输的机制还不清楚。大多数毒性研究都是在实验室条件下用单一的 MNPs 物种进行的，而这些物种在自然生态系统中很少见。氧化应激是 MNPs 的主要毒性机制，然而，氧化应激似乎是一种对其他非生物胁迫的普遍反应。藻类细胞中 MNPs 特有的毒性尚不清楚。最后，需要仔细了解藻类细胞中 MNPs 的内化、毒性和排泄机制，以便对 MNPs 对水生生物群的风险进行评估。
