Sedlak Petr, Pařízková Jana, Samešová Daniela, Musálek Martin, Dvořáková Hana, Novák Jan
Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
Division of Child Health Promotion, Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 10 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
Children (Basel). 2020 Dec 31;8(1):18. doi: 10.3390/children8010018.
Changes in lifestyle can be significantly reflected in growth and development. Adaptations to reduced levels of physical activity, together with non-corresponding nutritional intakes, can result in body build and body composition changes at an early age. The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the secular trend of modifications of body composition and body mass index (BMI) in Czech preschoolers over the last two to three decades. Boys and girls (386 boys and 372 girls) aged 4 to 6 years in 2014-2019 were measured. Outcome data were compared with the reference sample of preschoolers from 1990: 911 boys and 896 girls. Body height, BMI, and percentage of body fat, muscle, and bone mass were evaluated. Height and BMI have not changed. Body fat increased in both genders ( < 0.01), and contrarily, a significant reduction of muscle and skeletal mass was revealed ( < 0.001). Significant changes in body composition and unchanged BMI indicate the development of latent obesity during the last few decades. Due to latent obesity in a recent cohort, the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity markers according to BMI and fat percentage were tested. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher by 7.2% in boys, and by 6.5% in girls, as compared to children evaluated according to only their BMI results. Secular changes in preschoolers' physical builds over the last 25 years are not reflected in body height and BMI, but in body composition. Insufficient development of active, lean body mass proportionally compensated by increased fat mass was also indicated.
生活方式的改变会在生长发育中得到显著体现。对运动量减少的适应，再加上营养摄入不匹配，可能会在幼年导致体型和身体成分的变化。本横断面研究旨在评估过去二三十年捷克学龄前儿童身体成分和体重指数（BMI）变化的长期趋势。对2014年至2019年4至6岁的男孩和女孩（386名男孩和372名女孩）进行了测量。将结果数据与1990年学龄前儿童的参考样本进行比较：911名男孩和896名女孩。评估了身高、BMI、体脂、肌肉和骨量的百分比。身高和BMI没有变化。两性的体脂均增加（<0.01），相反，肌肉和骨骼质量显著减少（<0.001）。身体成分的显著变化和不变的BMI表明在过去几十年中潜在肥胖的发展。由于最近队列中的潜在肥胖，根据BMI和脂肪百分比对超重和肥胖标志物的患病率差异进行了测试。与仅根据BMI结果评估的儿童相比，男孩超重和肥胖的患病率高出7.2%，女孩高出6.5%。过去25年学龄前儿童身体发育的长期变化未体现在身高和BMI上，而是体现在身体成分上。这也表明活跃的瘦体重发育不足，由增加的脂肪量按比例补偿。
