School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Apr;5(4):512-521. doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-01014-3. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
Religions promote cooperation, but they can also be divisive. Is religious cooperation intuitively parochial against atheists? Evidence supporting the social heuristics hypothesis (SHH) suggests that cooperation is intuitive, independent of religious group identity. We tested this prediction in a one-shot prisoner's dilemma game, where 1,280 practising Christian believers were paired with either a coreligionist or an atheist and where time limits were used to increase reliance on either intuitive or deliberated decisions. We explored another dual-process account of cooperation, the self-control account (SCA), which suggests that visceral reactions tend to be selfish and that cooperation requires deliberation. We found evidence for religious parochialism but no support for SHH's prediction of intuitive cooperation. Consistent with SCA but requiring confirmation in future studies, exploratory analyses showed that religious parochialism involves decision conflict and concern for strong reciprocity and that deliberation promotes cooperation independent of religious group identity. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 28 January 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12086781.v1 .
宗教促进合作，但也可能造成分裂。宗教合作是否直觉上是狭隘的，针对无神论者？支持社会启发式假说（SHH）的证据表明，合作是直觉的，独立于宗教群体认同。我们在一次性囚徒困境游戏中检验了这一预测，在该游戏中，1280 名实践基督教信徒与同宗教或无神论者配对，并且使用时间限制来增加对直觉或深思熟虑决策的依赖。我们探讨了合作的另一种双过程解释，即自我控制理论（SCA），该理论认为本能反应往往是自私的，而合作需要深思熟虑。我们发现了宗教狭隘主义的证据，但没有证据支持 SHH 关于直觉合作的预测。与 SCA 一致，但需要在未来的研究中确认，探索性分析表明，宗教狭隘主义涉及决策冲突和对强烈互惠的关注，而深思熟虑则独立于宗教群体认同促进合作。方案注册：本注册报告的第 1 阶段方案于 2020 年 1 月 28 日原则上被接受。可在 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12086781.v1 找到在期刊上被接受的方案。
