US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.
Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland , College Park, MD, USA.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2021 Feb;38(2):350-359. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1853250. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
Any food contact material (FCM) must be approved by the US FDA as being compliant with Title 21 of the Code of Federal regulations Parts 170-199, and/or obtain a non-objection letter through the Food Contact Notification Process, before being placed into the United States market. In the past years, several scientific articles identified FCM or more specifically, food contact articles (FCAs), which were contaminated with brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the European Union. Prior research has suggested the source of BFR contamination was likely poorly recycled plastics containing waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). We conducted a retail survey to evaluate the presence of BFR-contaminated reusable FCA in the US market. Using a Direct Analysis in Real Time ionisation High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (DART-HRMS) screening technique and extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmation we were able to identify BFRs present in retail FCAs. Among non-targeted retail samples, 4 of 49 reusable FCAs contained 1-4 BFRs each. The identified BFRs, found in greatest estimated concentrations, were 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209). A second targeted FCA sampling (n = 28) confirmed these BFRs persisted in similar articles. Combined sample sets (n = 77) estimated DART false-positive/negative incidences of 5% & 4%, respectively, for BFR screening of FCAs. Because the presence of BFRs in some contaminated FCAs has been demonstrated and since these compounds are possible migrants into food, further studies are warranted. In order to estimate the potential exposure of the identified BFRs and conduct corresponding risk assessments, the next and logical step will be to study the mass transfer of BFRs from the contaminated FCM into food simulants and food.
任何食品接触材料（FCM）必须经过美国 FDA 的批准，证明其符合联邦法规第 21 篇第 170-199 部分的规定，或通过食品接触通知程序获得无异议信，方可进入美国市场。在过去的几年中，有几篇科学文章确定了在欧盟，FCM 或更具体地说，食品接触物品（FCAs）受到溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）的污染。先前的研究表明，BFR 污染的来源可能是含有废旧电子电气设备（WEEE）的回收塑料较差。我们进行了一项零售调查，以评估美国市场上存在的受 BFR 污染的可重复使用 FCA。我们使用实时直接分析电离高分辨率质谱（DART-HRMS）筛选技术和提取气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）确认，能够识别零售 FCAs 中的 BFRs。在非靶向零售样品中，49 个可重复使用的 FCA 中有 4 个每个都含有 1-4 种 BFR。在鉴定出的 BFR 中，以 2,4,6-三溴苯酚（TBP）、3,3',5,5'-四溴双酚 A（TBBPA）、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）、十溴二苯醚（DBDPE）和十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）的浓度最高。对第二组靶向 FCA 进行抽样（n=28）证实了这些 BFR 在类似的物品中仍然存在。将组合样本集（n=77）用于 BFR 筛选 FCAs，分别估计 DART 的假阳性/阴性发生率为 5%和 4%。由于已经证明一些污染的 FCAs 中存在 BFRs，并且这些化合物可能会迁移到食物中，因此需要进一步研究。为了估计所鉴定的 BFRs 的潜在暴露，并进行相应的风险评估，下一步也是合乎逻辑的步骤将是研究从污染的 FCM 向食品模拟物和食品中转移 BFRs 的情况。
