Geuzinge Renate, Visse Merel, Duyndam Joachim, Vermetten Eric
Humanism and Social Resilience, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Front Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 21;11:496663. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.496663. eCollection 2020.
Firefighters, paramedics, specialized nurses working in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), Operating Rooms (OR), and Emergency Rooms (ER), police officers and military personnel are more frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events than the general population; they are considered high-risk professionals. To reduce the risk of traumatization it is of great importance to be embedded in a social environment with supportive relationships. We performed a systematic review (based on the PRISMA-Guidelines) looking for social connections within the environment in which high-risk professionals are embedded (work, home, community), to obtain evidence on the impact of these connections on the risk of traumatization. Additionally, we aim to identify relevant supportive relationships in the professionals' environments. We identified the relevant scientific literature by searching, without time, and language restriction, five electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, CINAHL, and Web of Science. These databases were last searched in January 2019. A qualitative analysis of the 89 eligible (out of 9,047 screened) studies shows that for firefighters, paramedics, and emergency nurses social connections in their work environment are predominantly supportive relationships and may protect them against traumatization. In other occupations (OR-nurses, ICU-nurses, police officers), however, social connections at work are not only a source of support but are also a source of stress. For military personnel study results are inconclusive as to whether their social connections at work or at home support them against traumatization. In so far as connections are supportive, their sources vary greatly from one occupational group to another; they differ between work vs. home as well as within work between peers vs. supervisor. Being embedded in a social environment, i.e., having social connections, is important but not always sufficient to protect high-risk professionals against traumatization. For, while these connections may be the antecedents of supportive relationships, they can also be the antecedents of damaging relationships. Additionally, the sources of supportive relationships differ among groups. This suggests that knowledge of how the social structures of the occupational groups differ may increase our understanding of the impact of social connections and relationships, including socialization, on the risk of traumatization of high-risk professionals.
消防员、护理人员、在重症监护病房（ICU）、手术室（OR）和急诊室（ER）工作的专科护士、警察和军事人员比普通人群更频繁地接触潜在的创伤性事件；他们被视为高风险职业群体。为了降低受创伤的风险，融入一个具有支持性人际关系的社会环境非常重要。我们进行了一项系统综述（基于PRISMA指南），以寻找高风险职业群体所处环境（工作场所、家庭、社区）中的社会联系，从而获取这些联系对受创伤风险影响的证据。此外，我们旨在确定这些职业群体环境中相关的支持性人际关系。我们通过搜索五个电子文献数据库（无时间和语言限制）来识别相关科学文献：医学索引数据库（MEDLINE）、心理学文摘数据库（PsycINFO）、社会学文摘数据库（Sociological Abstracts）、护理学与健康领域数据库（CINAHL）和科学引文索引数据库（Web of Science）。这些数据库最近一次搜索是在2019年1月。对筛选出的9047项研究中的89项符合条件的研究进行定性分析表明，对于消防员、护理人员和急诊护士来说，他们工作环境中的社会联系主要是支持性的人际关系，可能会保护他们免受创伤。然而，在其他职业（手术室护士、重症监护病房护士、警察）中，工作中的社会联系不仅是支持的来源，也是压力的来源。对于军事人员而言，关于他们工作场所或家庭中的社会联系是否能帮助他们抵御创伤，研究结果尚无定论。就支持性联系而言，其来源在不同职业群体之间差异很大；工作场所与家庭之间以及工作场所中同事与上级之间均有所不同。融入社会环境，即拥有社会联系，很重要，但并不总是足以保护高风险职业群体免受创伤。因为，虽然这些联系可能是支持性人际关系的前提，但它们也可能是有害关系的前提。此外，支持性人际关系的来源在不同群体之间也存在差异。这表明，了解职业群体的社会结构差异，可能会增进我们对社会联系和人际关系（包括社会化）对高风险职业群体受创伤风险影响的理解。
