Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Nov;199(11):4066-4073. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02547-4. Epub 2021 Jan 7.
Human breast milk and infant formula milk powder (IFMP) are the main nutritional sources for infants. In the literature, there is a lack of studies concerning levels of trace elements in human milk and IMP in Jordan. The aim of this research was the determination of levels of 24 trace elements in human breast milk from Jordanian mothers (n = 76) and IFMP from Jordanian market (n = 22). Elements were classified to essential (Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, Co, and Se), non-essential (Al, Ag, Ba, Bi, Cs, Ga, Li, Rb, Sr, U, and V), and potentially toxic (As, Cd, and Pb). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following a microwave digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was performed. Our results featured levels of each targeted element in human milk and IFMP (mean, standard deviation (SD), median, and range). Statistical analysis included a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlations. A sample toxicological analysis study for toxic elements As, Cd, and Pb was performed, and results were inspected. Levels of most elements including toxic elements are larger than in human milk samples, and comparable to in IFPMs to literature results. Mean levels of majority of the elements (17 out of 24) in human milk were significantly different than respective means in IFMP solutions. Positive correlation was observed between total toxic elements and Al, Cu, and Fe in human milk samples. Results of toxicological analysis demonstrated that most of IFMP samples do not represent a health hazard to infants regarding As, Cd, and Pb. The same applies for Cd in human milk samples. However, levels of As and Pb in 70% of human milk samples exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for As and Pb.
人乳和婴儿配方奶粉（IFMP）是人乳婴儿的主要营养来源。在文献中，关于约旦人乳和 IMP 中微量元素水平的研究很少。本研究的目的是测定 76 名约旦母亲的人乳和 22 种约旦市场的 IFMP 中的 24 种微量元素水平。这些元素被分为必需元素（Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Cr、Mo、Co 和 Se）、非必需元素（Al、Ag、Ba、Bi、Cs、Ga、Li、Rb、Sr、U 和 V）和潜在有毒元素（As、Cd 和 Pb）。采用微波消解样品，用浓硝酸和过氧化氢处理后，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）进行测定。我们的结果包括人乳和 IFMP 中每个目标元素的水平（平均值、标准差（SD）、中位数和范围）。统计分析包括单因素方差分析（ANOVA）和 Pearson 相关分析。进行了一项针对有毒元素 As、Cd 和 Pb 的毒理学分析研究，并对结果进行了检查。包括有毒元素在内的大多数元素的水平都大于人乳样本，与 IFPM 文献结果相当。人乳中大多数元素（24 种中的 17 种）的平均水平与 IFMP 溶液中的相应平均值有显著差异。在人乳样本中观察到总有毒元素与 Al、Cu 和 Fe 之间存在正相关。毒理学分析结果表明，对于 As、Cd 和 Pb，大多数 IFMP 样本对婴儿没有健康危害。人乳样本中的 Cd 也是如此。然而，70%的人乳样本中 As 和 Pb 的水平超过了暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）。
