Orenius Tage, Säilä Hanna, Mikola Katriina, Ristolainen Leena
Orton Orthopaedic Hospital, Orton, Helsinki, Finland.
Orton Research Institute, Orton, Helsinki, Finland.
SAGE Open Nurs. 2018 Mar 14;4:2377960818759442. doi: 10.1177/2377960818759442. eCollection 2018 Jan-Dec.
The purpose of this clinical update is to provide an overview of the fear of needles and needle phobia in children and adolescents including characteristics and diagnosis, prevalence and epidemiology, etiological factors, and treatment options. Needle-related fear and needle phobia present as significant needle-related distress and avoidance behavior. The etiology is biopsychosocial. These challenging conditions are more common in children and adolescents than in adults. The nurse-patient relationship enables the provision of suitable preparation before injection procedures. Nurses can use exposure-based interventions and incorporate coping strategies and teaching of parents and children. Nurses play a pivotal role in noticing the need for further treatment. Procedural needle-related distress is a complex phenomenon representing a continuum ranging from needle fear to more severe needle phobia. For patients with needle fear management and training methods used by nurses can possibly prevent a progression of the condition into needle phobia. In cases of needle phobia, a correct diagnosis made by a psychiatrist is necessary and enables referral to a psychotherapist with experience in treating children and adolescents with needle phobia.
本次临床进展报告旨在概述儿童和青少年对针头的恐惧及针头恐惧症，内容包括其特征与诊断、患病率与流行病学、病因以及治疗选择。与针头相关的恐惧和针头恐惧症表现为显著的与针头相关的痛苦和回避行为。其病因是生物心理社会因素。这些具有挑战性的情况在儿童和青少年中比在成年人中更为常见。护士与患者的关系有助于在注射程序前进行适当的准备。护士可以采用基于暴露的干预措施，并将应对策略以及对家长和孩子的教导纳入其中。护士在注意到进一步治疗的需求方面起着关键作用。与程序相关的针头痛苦是一种复杂的现象，代表了一个从针头恐惧到更严重的针头恐惧症的连续体。对于有针头恐惧的患者，护士使用的管理和训练方法可能会防止病情发展为针头恐惧症。在针头恐惧症的情况下，精神科医生做出正确诊断是必要的，这有助于转诊给有治疗儿童和青少年针头恐惧症经验的心理治疗师。
