Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
J Thorac Oncol. 2021 Apr;16(4):546-571. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.12.014. Epub 2021 Jan 7.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads mainly by means of aerosols (microdroplets) in enclosed environments, especially those in which temperature and humidity are regulated by means of air-conditioning. About 30% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Among them, approximately 25% require hospitalization. In medicine, cases are identified as those who become ill. During this pandemic, cases have been identified as those with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test, including approximately 70% who were asymptomatic-this has caused unnecessary anxiety. Individuals more than 65 years old, those affected by obesity, diabetes, asthma, or are immune-depressed owing to cancer and other conditions, are at a higher risk of hospitalization and of dying of COVID-19. Healthy individuals younger than 40 years very rarely die of COVID-19. Estimates of the COVID-19 mortality rate vary because the definition of COVID-19-related deaths varies. Belgium has the highest death rate at 154.9 per 100,000 persons, because it includes anyone who died with symptoms compatible with COVID-19, even those never tested for SARS-CoV-2. The United States includes all patients who died with a positive test, whether they died because of, or with, SARS-CoV-2. Countries that include only patients in which COVID-19 was the main cause of death, rather than a cofactor, have lower death rates. Numerous therapies are being developed, and rapid improvements are anticipated. Because of disinformation, only approximately 50% of the U.S. population plans to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. By sharing accurate information, physicians, health professionals, and scientists play a key role in addressing myths and anxiety, help public health officials enact measures to decrease infections, and provide the best care for those who become sick. In this article, we discuss these issues.
严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）主要通过封闭环境中的气溶胶（微滴）传播，特别是那些通过空调调节温度和湿度的环境。大约 30%感染 SARS-CoV-2 的个体发展为 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疾病。其中，约 25%需要住院治疗。在医学上，病例被定义为患病的个体。在这次大流行中，病例被定义为 SARS-CoV-2 聚合酶链反应检测呈阳性的个体，其中约 70%为无症状感染者，这引起了不必要的焦虑。65 岁以上的个体、肥胖、糖尿病、哮喘患者，或因癌症等情况而免疫抑制的个体，住院和死于 COVID-19 的风险更高。40 岁以下的健康个体很少死于 COVID-19。COVID-19 死亡率的估计值因 COVID-19 相关死亡的定义而有所不同。比利时的死亡率最高，为每 10 万人 154.9 人，因为它包括任何因 COVID-19 症状而死亡的人，甚至包括从未接受过 SARS-CoV-2 检测的人。美国包括所有因阳性检测而死亡的患者，无论他们是否因 SARS-CoV-2 而死亡。仅包括 COVID-19 是主要死亡原因而不是合并症的国家，死亡率较低。正在开发许多疗法，并预计会迅速改进。由于虚假信息，美国只有约 50%的人口计划接种 COVID-19 疫苗。通过分享准确的信息，医生、卫生专业人员和科学家在解决神话和焦虑、帮助公共卫生官员采取措施减少感染以及为患病者提供最佳护理方面发挥着关键作用。在本文中，我们讨论了这些问题。
