酒精影响区域对减少华盛顿社区犯罪的有效性。
The Effectiveness of Alcohol Impact Areas in Reducing Crime in Washington Neighborhoods.
机构信息
From the, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
出版信息
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021 Jan;45(1):234-241. doi: 10.1111/acer.14509. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
BACKGROUND
We evaluated the effectiveness of Alcohol Impact Areas (AIA) in reducing crime around off-premise alcohol outlets in 3 AIAs in Spokane and Tacoma, Washington, using an interrupted time series design with comparison groups. AIAs only exist in Washington and include designated areas in a city where specific brands of malt liquor are restricted. We hypothesized that mandatory restrictions on malt liquor sales in AIAs would be significantly associated with decreases in crime, especially less-serious crime.
METHODS
In Spokane and Tacoma, targets were 3 AIAs and 3 comparison areas with demographically similar neighborhoods without malt liquor restrictions in the same respective city. Nine different crime outcomes were evaluated: Part I selected crimes, Part II selected crimes (further split into nuisance crimes and other Part II crimes), assaults, vandalism, narcotics, disorderly conduct, and all selected crimes combined. Crime was typically compared 3 years prior to and 3 years following policy adoption using time series and negative-binomial modeling. Separate models were run for each area and each crime.
RESULTS
Study hypotheses were partially supported. Malt liquor restrictions in AIAs were associated with significant decreases in crime, particularly certain Part II crimes and assaults (simple and aggravated) in 12 of the 23 models. The strength of the observed associations varied by AIA. Average monthly crime counts across all crime categories decreased more in the Tacoma AIA than in Spokane AIAs, and average monthly crime decreased more in Spokane AIA 2 (East Central) than in AIA 1 (Downtown Core). Malt liquor restrictions were significantly associated with increases in disorderly conduct in the Tacoma AIA; the increase, however, was small.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that malt liquor policies such as AIAs may be one of a number of tools local officials can use to reduce alcohol-related crime in cities, especially less-serious crime.
背景
我们评估了酒精影响区 (AIA) 在减少华盛顿州斯波坎和塔科马的 3 个 AIA 周边非现场酒精销售点周边犯罪方面的有效性，采用了具有对照组的中断时间序列设计。AIA 仅在华盛顿州存在，包括该市特定品牌麦芽酒受到限制的指定区域。我们假设 AIA 中对麦芽酒销售的强制性限制将与犯罪率的下降显著相关，尤其是较不严重的犯罪。
方法
在斯波坎和塔科马，目标是 3 个 AIA 和 3 个比较区域，这些区域在同一城市中具有人口统计学相似的邻里，没有麦芽酒限制。评估了 9 种不同的犯罪结果：第 I 部分选择的犯罪、第 II 部分选择的犯罪（进一步分为滋扰犯罪和其他第 II 部分犯罪）、攻击、破坏、麻醉品、行为不检和所有选择的犯罪的总和。使用时间序列和负二项式模型，通常在政策实施前 3 年和后 3 年对犯罪进行比较。为每个区域和每种犯罪分别运行单独的模型。
结果
研究假设得到部分支持。AIA 中的麦芽酒限制与犯罪率的显著下降相关，尤其是在 23 个模型中的 12 个中，特定的第 II 部分犯罪和攻击（简单和加重）。观察到的关联强度因 AIA 而异。在所有犯罪类别中，塔科马 AIA 的平均每月犯罪计数下降幅度大于斯波坎 AIA，而斯波坎 AIA 2（东中心）的平均每月犯罪下降幅度大于 AIA 1（市中心核心）。在塔科马 AIA 中，麦芽酒限制与行为不检的增加显著相关；然而，增加幅度很小。
结论
研究结果表明，像 AIA 这样的麦芽酒政策可能是地方官员可以用来减少城市中与酒精相关犯罪的众多工具之一，尤其是较不严重的犯罪。
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