Zea Luis, McLean Robert J C, Rook Tony A, Angle Geoffrey, Carter D Layne, Delegard Angela, Denvir Adrian, Gerlach Robin, Gorti Sridhar, McIlwaine Doug, Nur Mononita, Peyton Brent M, Stewart Philip S, Sturman Paul, Velez Justiniano Yo Ann
BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
Biofilm. 2020 May 30;2:100026. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2020.100026. eCollection 2020 Dec.
Biofilms, surface-adherent microbial communities, are associated with microbial fouling and corrosion in terrestrial water-distribution systems. Biofilms are also present in human spaceflight, particularly in the Water Recovery System (WRS) on the International Space Station (ISS). The WRS is comprised of the Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) and the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) which together recycles wastewater from human urine and recovered humidity from the ISS atmosphere. These wastewaters and various process streams are continually inoculated with microorganisms primarily arising from the space crew microbiome. Biofilm-related fouling has been encountered and addressed in spacecraft in low Earth orbit, including ISS and the Russian Mir Space Station. However, planned future missions beyond low Earth orbit to the Moon and Mars present additional challenges, as resupplying spare parts or support materials would be impractical and the mission timeline would be in the order of years in the case of a mission to Mars. In addition, future missions are expected to include a period of dormancy in which the WRS would be unused for an extended duration. The concepts developed in this review arose from a workshop including NASA personnel and representatives with biofilm expertise from a wide range of industrial and academic backgrounds. Here, we address current strategies that are employed on Earth for biofilm control, including antifouling coatings and biocides and mechanisms for mitigating biofilm growth and damage. These ideas are presented in the context of their applicability to spaceflight and identify proposed new topics of biofilm control that need to be addressed in order to facilitate future extended, crewed, spaceflight missions.
生物膜，即表面附着的微生物群落，与陆地配水系统中的微生物污垢和腐蚀有关。生物膜也存在于载人航天飞行中，特别是在国际空间站（ISS）的水回收系统（WRS）中。WRS由尿液处理组件（UPA）和水处理器组件（WPA）组成，它们共同回收来自人类尿液的废水以及从国际空间站大气中回收的湿度。这些废水和各种工艺流不断受到主要源自航天员微生物群的微生物的接种。在包括国际空间站和俄罗斯和平号空间站在内的近地轨道航天器中，已经遇到并解决了与生物膜相关的污垢问题。然而，计划未来前往月球和火星的近地轨道以外的任务带来了额外的挑战，因为补给备件或支持材料将不切实际，而且对于前往火星的任务而言，任务时间表将以数年计。此外，未来的任务预计将包括一段休眠期，在此期间WRS将长时间不使用。本综述中提出的概念源自一个研讨会，与会人员包括美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的人员以及来自广泛工业和学术背景、具有生物膜专业知识的代表。在这里，我们阐述了地球上目前用于控制生物膜的策略，包括防污涂层和杀菌剂以及减轻生物膜生长和损害的机制。这些想法是在其对航天飞行的适用性背景下提出的，并确定了为促进未来长期载人航天飞行任务需要解决的生物膜控制新课题。
