National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018 Sep;13(3):279-291. doi: 10.1007/s11481-018-9784-7. Epub 2018 Apr 14.
Retroviruses comprise an ancient and varied group of viruses with the unique ability to integrate DNA from an RNA transcript into the genome, a subset of which are able to integrate in humans. The timing of these integrations during human history has dictated whether these viruses have remained exogenous and given rise to various human diseases or have become inseparable from the host genome (endogenous retroviruses). Given the ability of retroviruses to integrate into the host and subsequently co-opt host cellular process for viral propagation, retroviruses have been shown to be closely associated with several cellular processes including exosome formation. Exosomes are 30-150 nm unilamellar extracellular vesicles that originate from intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that form in the endosomal compartment. Exosomes have been shown to be important in intercellular communication and immune cell function. Almost every cell type studied has been shown to produce these types of vesicles, with the cell type dictating the contents, which include proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs. Importantly, recent evidence has shown that infection by viruses, including retroviruses, alter the contents and subsequent function of produced exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the important retroviruses associated with human health and disease. Furthermore, we will delve into the impact of exosome formation and manipulation by integrated retroviruses on human health, survival, and human retroviral disease pathogenesis.
逆转录病毒是一组古老而多样的病毒，具有将 RNA 转录本中的 DNA 整合到基因组中的独特能力，其中一部分能够整合到人类基因组中。这些整合在人类历史上的时间决定了这些病毒是否仍然是外源性的，并导致了各种人类疾病，或者已经与宿主基因组（内源性逆转录病毒）不可分割。鉴于逆转录病毒能够整合到宿主中，并随后利用宿主细胞过程进行病毒繁殖，逆转录病毒已被证明与几种细胞过程密切相关，包括外泌体的形成。外泌体是 30-150nm 的单层细胞外囊泡，来源于内体区室中形成的腔内小泡 (ILV)。已经证明外泌体在细胞间通讯和免疫细胞功能中起重要作用。几乎所有研究过的细胞类型都被证明能够产生这些类型的囊泡，而细胞类型决定了包含的内容，包括蛋白质、mRNA 和 miRNA。重要的是，最近的证据表明，包括逆转录病毒在内的病毒感染会改变产生的外泌体的内容物和随后的功能。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论与人类健康和疾病相关的重要逆转录病毒。此外，我们将深入探讨整合的逆转录病毒对外泌体形成和操纵对人类健康、生存和人类逆转录病毒疾病发病机制的影响。
