Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Masters in Medical Science and Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Adv Clin Chem. 2021;100:205-253. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.04.005. Epub 2020 Jul 10.
The field of diagnostics using invasive blood testing represents the majority of diagnostic tests used as part of routine health monitoring. The relatively recent introduction of salivary diagnostics has lead to a major paradigm shift in diagnostic analyses. Additionally, in this era of big data, oral fluid testing has shown promising outcomes in a number of fields, particularly the areas of genomics, microbiomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Despite the analytical challenges involved in the interpretation of large datasets generated from biochemical studies involving bodily fluids, including saliva, many studies have identified novel oral biomarkers for diagnosing oral and systemic diseases. In this regard, oral biofluids, including saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), dentinal tubular fluid (DTF), are now attracting increasing attention due to their important attributes, such as noninvasive sampling, easy handling, low cost, and more accurate diagnosis of oral diseases. Recently, the utilization of salivary diagnostics to evaluate systemic diseases and monitor general health has increased in popularity among clinicians. Saliva contains a wide range of protein, DNA and RNA biomarkers, which assist in the diagnosis of multiple diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), auto-immune and degenerative diseases, respiratory infections, oral diseases, and microbial (viral, bacterial and fungal) diseases. Moreover, due to its noninvasive nature and ease-of-adoption by children, it is now being used in mass screening programs, oral health-related studies and clinical trials in support of the development of therapeutic agents. The recent advent of highly sensitive technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, highly sensitives ELISAs, and homogeneous immunoassays, suggests that even small quantities of salivary biomarkers are able to be assayed accurately, providing opportunities for the development of many future diagnostic applications (including emerging technologies, such as point-of-care and rapid molecular technologies). The present article explores the omics and biochemical compositions of various oral biofluids with important value in diagnostics and monitoring.
利用有创血液检测进行诊断的领域代表了作为常规健康监测一部分而使用的大多数诊断测试。唾液诊断学的相对近期引入导致了诊断分析的重大范式转变。此外，在这个大数据时代，口腔液测试在许多领域显示出了有希望的结果，特别是在基因组学、微生物组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和转录组学领域。尽管涉及到对涉及体液（包括唾液）的生化研究产生的大型数据集进行解释存在分析挑战，但许多研究已经确定了用于诊断口腔和系统性疾病的新型口腔生物标志物。在这方面，由于其重要的特性，包括非侵入性采样、易于处理、低成本以及更准确地诊断口腔疾病，口腔生物体液，包括唾液、龈沟液 (GCF)、种植体周沟液 (PICF)、牙本质管液 (DTF) ，现在正受到越来越多的关注。最近，利用唾液诊断学来评估系统性疾病和监测整体健康状况在临床医生中越来越受欢迎。唾液中含有广泛的蛋白质、DNA 和 RNA 生物标志物，有助于诊断多种疾病和病症，包括癌症、心血管疾病 (CVD)、自身免疫和退行性疾病、呼吸道感染、口腔疾病和微生物 (病毒、细菌和真菌) 疾病。此外，由于其非侵入性和易于被儿童采用的特点，它现在正在用于大规模筛查计划、与口腔健康相关的研究和临床试验，以支持治疗剂的开发。新一代测序、质谱、高灵敏度 ELISA 和均相免疫测定等高度敏感技术的最新出现表明，即使是少量的唾液生物标志物也能够被准确检测，为许多未来诊断应用的发展提供了机会（包括新兴技术，如即时检测和快速分子技术）。本文探讨了各种具有诊断和监测重要价值的口腔生物体液的组学和生化组成。
