Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2021 May;205:105061. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105061. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
Some written languages (the so-called "deep orthographies" such as English) have often unpredictable links to word sounds, making some written words difficult to associate with their spoken forms (i.e., to decode), thereby impeding comprehension. To read these languages efficiently for comprehension, readers require visual cues such as predictable spelling patterns (orthotactic conventions). Sensitivity to English orthotactic conventions (e.g., which letters are sometimes doubled, where configurations such as wh can typically be found in a word) was assessed in a cross-sectional sample of children (N = 271, ages 5-11 years) in kindergarten through Grade 5 using a word-likeness task. Orthotactic sensitivity was strongly correlated with silent word-reading fluency, an important reading skill used frequently in daily life to obtain information, and was modestly correlated with lexical spelling recognition. Among fluent decoders of predictable letter-sound relations, orthotactic sensitivity began to emerge prior to formal reading instruction and developed rapidly from kindergarten to Grade 2. About two thirds of dysfluent decoders (a proxy for dyslexia) demonstrated above-chance orthotactic sensitivity; however, their performance lagged behind that of fluent decoders through Grade 5. Orthotactic acquisition, possible reasons for impairment, and classroom implications are discussed.
有些书面语言（如英语等所谓的“深度正字法”）与单词发音之间的关联往往难以预测，这使得一些书面单词难以与它们的口语形式联系起来（即解码），从而阻碍了理解。为了高效地理解这些语言，读者需要视觉提示，如可预测的拼写模式（正字法规则）。在一项横断面研究中，使用单词相似性任务评估了幼儿园至五年级儿童（N=271，年龄 5-11 岁）对英语正字法规则的敏感性。正字法敏感性与默读流利度（一种在日常生活中经常用于获取信息的重要阅读技能）高度相关，与词汇拼写识别能力中度相关。在能够流畅解码可预测的字母-发音关系的读者中，正字法敏感性在接受正式阅读教学之前就已经开始出现，并从幼儿园到二年级迅速发展。大约三分之二的不流畅解码者（阅读障碍的代表）表现出高于平均水平的正字法敏感性；然而，他们的表现一直落后于流畅解码者，直到五年级。本文讨论了正字法习得、可能的障碍原因以及课堂应用。
