State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"-GOSNIIGENETIKA), Moscow 117545, Russia.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Jul 13;6(7):3745-3761. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00109. Epub 2020 Jun 23.
Spider web proteins are unique materials created by nature that, considering the combination of their properties, do not have analogues among natural or human-created materials. Obtaining significant amounts of these proteins from natural sources is not feasible. Biotechnological manufacturing in heterological systems is complicated by the very high molecular weight of spidroins and their specific amino acid composition. Obtaining recombinant analogues of spidroins in heterological systems, mainly in bacteria and yeast, has become a compromise solution. Because they can self-assemble, these proteins can form various materials, such as fibers, films, 3D-foams, hydrogels, tubes, and microcapsules. The effectiveness of spidroin hydrogels in deep wound healing, as 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration and as oriented fibers for axon growth and nerve tissue regeneration, was demonstrated in animal models. The possibility to use spidroin micro- and nanoparticles for drug delivery was demonstrated, including the use of modified spidroins for virus-free DNA delivery into animal cell nuclei. In the past few years, significant interest has arisen concerning the use of these materials as biocompatible and biodegradable soft optics to construct photonic crystal super lenses and fiber optics and as soft electronics to use in triboelectric nanogenerators. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of spidroin production, the creation of materials based on them, the study of these materials as a scaffold for the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of various types of cells, and the prospects for using these materials for medical applications (e.g., tissue engineering, drug delivery, coating medical devices), soft optics, and electronics. Accumulated data suggest the use of recombinant spidroins in medical practice in the near future.
蜘蛛丝蛋白是自然界创造的独特材料，考虑到其性质的组合，在天然或人工合成材料中没有类似物。从天然来源获得大量这些蛋白质是不可行的。在异源系统中进行生物技术制造由于 spidroin 的非常高分子量及其特定的氨基酸组成而变得复杂。在异源系统（主要是细菌和酵母）中获得 spidroin 的重组类似物已成为一种妥协解决方案。由于它们可以自组装，这些蛋白质可以形成各种材料，例如纤维、薄膜、3D 泡沫、水凝胶、管和微胶囊。在动物模型中证明了 spidroin 水凝胶在深部伤口愈合、作为骨组织再生的 3D 支架以及作为轴突生长和神经组织再生的定向纤维的有效性。已经证明了 spidroin 微球和纳米颗粒在药物输送中的有效性，包括使用修饰的 spidroin 无病毒 DNA 递送到动物细胞核。在过去的几年中，人们对这些材料作为生物相容和可生物降解的软光学材料的使用产生了浓厚的兴趣，用于构建光子晶体超透镜和光纤，以及用作软电子产品，用于摩擦纳米发电机。这篇综述总结了蜘蛛丝蛋白生产、基于它们的材料的创建、这些材料作为各种类型细胞生长、增殖和分化支架的研究以及这些材料在医学应用（例如组织工程、药物输送、涂覆医疗器械）、软光学和电子学方面的应用前景的最新进展。积累的数据表明，在不久的将来，重组 spidroin 将在医学实践中得到应用。
