Degradable and Bioadhesive Alginate-Based Composites: An Effective Hemostatic Agent.

The perfect hemostatic material should be capable of rapidly controlling substantial hemorrhaging from visceral organs, veins, and arteries. Ideally, it should be biodegradable, biocompatible, easily applied, and inexpensive. Herein, taking advantages of sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and collagen, a degradable powdery hemostatic composite (SACC) was synthesized using emulsification and cross-linking technology. The morphology and structure of SACC were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This hemostatic material exhibited a typical generic sphere shape with narrow size distribution, rough surface, and satisfactory water absorption. Using in vitro bleeding and in vivo bleeding models (rat liver injury model and rat tail amputation model), it was shown that SACC had superior hemostatic actions compared to CMC and SA. Excellent cytocompatibility was proven during cytotoxicity tests and SEM observations. Histomorphological evaluation during the wound healing process proved the superior biocompatibility of SACC in a rat liver injury model. Biodegradability of SACC was demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we have demonstrated the enormous potential of SACC, which has excellent hemostatic activity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties for use in clinical hemostasis applications.