Frank M G, Gilovich T
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jan;54(1):74-85. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.74.
Black is viewed as the color of evil and death in virtually all cultures. With this association in mind, we were interested in whether a cue as subtle as the color of a person's clothing might have a significant impact on his or her behavior. To test this possibility, we examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams that wear black uniforms are more aggressive than those that wear nonblack uniforms. An analysis of the penalty records of the National Football League and the National Hockey League indicate that teams with black uniforms in both sports ranked near the top of their leagues in penalties throughout the period of study. On those occasions when a team switched from nonblack to black uniforms, the switch was accompanied by an immediate increase in penalties. The results of two laboratory experiments indicate that this finding can be attributed to both social perception and self-perception processes--that is, to the biased judgments of referees and to the increased aggressiveness of the players themselves. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these data for an understanding of the variable, or "situated," nature of the self.
在几乎所有文化中，黑色都被视为邪恶和死亡的颜色。考虑到这种关联，我们想知道像一个人衣服颜色这样微妙的暗示是否会对其行为产生重大影响。为了检验这种可能性，我们研究了穿着黑色制服的职业橄榄球和冰球队是否比穿着非黑色制服的球队更具攻击性。对美国国家橄榄球联盟和国家冰球联盟处罚记录的分析表明，在整个研究期间，这两项运动中穿着黑色制服的球队在处罚方面都位居联盟前列。当一支球队从非黑色制服换成黑色制服时，处罚会立即增加。两项实验室实验的结果表明，这一发现可归因于社会认知和自我认知过程——也就是说，归因于裁判的偏见判断以及球员自身攻击性的增强。我们的讨论重点在于这些数据对于理解自我的变量性或“情境性”本质的理论意义。
