Gabbard Joseph L, Smith Missie, Tanous Kyle, Kim Hyungil, Jonas Bryan
Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
Industrial and Systems Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, NY, United States.
Front Robot AI. 2019 Oct 23;6:98. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00098. eCollection 2019.
Optical see-through automotive head-up displays (HUDs) are a form of augmented reality (AR) that is quickly gaining penetration into the consumer market. Despite increasing adoption, demand, and competition among manufacturers to deliver higher quality HUDs with increased fields of view, little work has been done to understand how best to design and assess AR HUD user interfaces, and how to quantify their effects on driver behavior, performance, and ultimately safety. This paper reports on a novel, low-cost, immersive driving simulator created using a myriad of custom hardware and software technologies specifically to examine basic and applied research questions related to AR HUDs usage when driving. We describe our experiences developing simulator hardware and software and detail a user study that examines driver performance, visual attention, and preferences using two AR navigation interfaces. Results suggest that conformal AR graphics may not be inherently better than other HUD interfaces. We include lessons learned from our simulator development experiences, results of the user study and conclude with limitations and future work.
光学透视式汽车抬头显示器（HUD）是增强现实（AR）的一种形式，正迅速渗透到消费市场。尽管其应用、需求不断增加，制造商之间为提供具有更大视野的更高质量HUD展开了竞争，但在如何最好地设计和评估AR HUD用户界面，以及如何量化它们对驾驶员行为、性能乃至安全性的影响方面，所做的工作很少。本文报告了一种新颖、低成本的沉浸式驾驶模拟器，它使用了大量定制硬件和软件技术创建而成，专门用于研究与驾驶时使用AR HUD相关的基础和应用研究问题。我们描述了开发模拟器硬件和软件的经验，并详细介绍了一项用户研究，该研究使用两个AR导航界面来检验驾驶员的性能、视觉注意力和偏好。结果表明，共形AR图形可能并不本质上优于其他HUD界面。我们总结了从模拟器开发经验中学到的经验教训、用户研究的结果，并最后阐述了局限性和未来的工作。
