Stanaland Adam, Gaither Sarah
Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2021 Nov;47(11):1596-1611. doi: 10.1177/0146167220984298. Epub 2021 Jan 27.
Threatening a man's manhood-but not a woman's womanhood-elicits aggression. In two studies, we found evidence that this aggression is related to the social pressure men experience to "be a man." In Study 1a, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis to isolate participants' ( = 195; = 19.92) differential motivations for conforming to gender norms. Study 1b then showed that pressure to be masculine moderates the relationship between gender identity threat and aggressive cognition for men. In Study 2a, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to validate the aforementioned scales with an age-diverse sample of men ( = 391; = 33.16, range = 18-56 years). Study 2b replicated Study 1b, most notably with younger men. In all, these findings reveal one pathway-the pressure men experience to be stereotypically masculine-that elicits aggressive cognition when under threat in a U.S. context.
威胁一个男人的男子气概——但不威胁女人的女性特质——会引发攻击性。在两项研究中，我们发现有证据表明，这种攻击性与男性所感受到的“成为男人”的社会压力有关。在研究1a中，我们进行了一项探索性因素分析，以分离参与者（N = 195；M = 19.92）遵守性别规范的不同动机。研究1b随后表明，表现出男子气概的压力调节了男性性别认同威胁与攻击性认知之间的关系。在研究2a中，我们进行了一项验证性因素分析，以用一个年龄各异的男性样本（N = 391；M = 33.16，范围 = 18 - 56岁）验证上述量表。研究2b重复了研究1b，最显著的是针对年轻男性。总之，这些发现揭示了一条途径——男性所感受到的符合传统男子气概的压力——在美国背景下，当受到威胁时会引发攻击性认知。
