Giacolini Teodosio, Conversi David, Alcaro Antonio
Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Jan 15;14:609467. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.609467. eCollection 2020.
Human development has become particularly complex during the evolution. In this complexity, adolescence is an extremely important developmental stage. Adolescence is characterized by biological and social changes that create the prerequisites to psychopathological problems, including both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors. Central to the dynamics of the biological changes during adolescence are the synergy between sexual and neurophysiological development, which activates the motivational/emotional systems of Dominance/Submission. The latter are characterized by the interaction between the sexual hormones, the dopaminergic system and the stress axis (HPA). The maturation of these motivational/emotional systems requires the integration with the phylogenetically more recent Attachment/CARE Systems, which primarily have governed the subject's relationships until puberty. The integration of these systems is particularly complex in the human species, due to the evolution of the process of competition related to sexual selection: from a simple fight between two individuals (of the same genus and species) to a struggle for the acquisition of a position in rank and the competition between groups. The latter is an important evolutionary acquisition and believed to be the variable that has most contributed to enhancing the capacity for cooperation in the human species. The interaction between competition and cooperation, and between competition and attachment, characterizes the entire human relational and emotional structure and the unending work of integration to which the BrainMind is involved. The beginning of the integration of the aforementioned motivational/emotional systems is currently identified in the prepubertal period, during the juvenile stage, with the development of the Adrenarche-the so-called Adrenal Puberty. This latter stage is characterized by a low rate of release of androgens, the hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which activate the same behaviors as those observed in the PLAY system. The Adrenarche and the PLAY system are biological and functional prerequisites of adolescence, a period devoted to learning the difficult task of integrating the phylogenetically ancient Dominance/Submission Systems with the newer Attachment/CARE Systems. These systems accompany very different adaptive goals which can easily give rise to mutual conflict and can in turn make the balance of the BrainMind precarious and vulnerable to mental suffering.
在进化过程中，人类发展变得尤为复杂。在这种复杂性中，青春期是一个极其重要的发育阶段。青春期的特点是生物和社会变化，这些变化为心理病理问题创造了前提条件，包括物质和非物质成瘾行为。青春期生物变化动态的核心是性发育和神经生理发育之间的协同作用，这种协同作用激活了支配/服从的动机/情感系统。后者的特点是性激素、多巴胺能系统和应激轴（HPA）之间的相互作用。这些动机/情感系统的成熟需要与系统发育上更新的依恋/关爱系统整合，该系统在青春期之前主要支配着个体的人际关系。由于与性选择相关的竞争过程的进化，这些系统的整合在人类物种中尤为复杂：从两个个体（同属和同种）之间的简单争斗，到为获得等级地位而进行的斗争以及群体之间的竞争。后者是一项重要的进化成果，被认为是最有助于提高人类合作能力的变量。竞争与合作之间以及竞争与依恋之间的相互作用，塑造了整个人类的关系和情感结构，以及脑心智所参与的无尽整合工作。上述动机/情感系统整合的开始目前被认为是在青春期前的少年阶段，随着肾上腺初现——即所谓的肾上腺青春期的发展而开始。后一阶段的特点是肾上腺皮质释放的雄激素分泌率较低，这些激素激活的行为与在玩耍系统中观察到的行为相同。肾上腺初现和玩耍系统是青春期的生物学和功能前提，青春期是一个致力于学习将系统发育上古老的支配/服从系统与更新的依恋/关爱系统进行整合这一艰巨任务的时期。这些系统伴随着截然不同的适应目标，很容易引发相互冲突，进而使脑心智的平衡变得不稳定，容易遭受精神痛苦。
