New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Sep;1451(1):5-28. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13989. Epub 2019 Jan 15.
Substance and alcohol use disorders impose large health and economic burdens on individuals, families, communities, and society. Neither prevention nor treatment efforts are effective in all individuals. Results are often modest. Advances in neuroscience and addiction research have helped to describe the neurobiological changes that occur when a person transitions from recreational substance use to a substance use disorder or addiction. Understanding both the drivers and consequences of substance use in vulnerable populations, including those whose brains are still maturing, has revealed behavioral and biological characteristics that can increase risks of addiction. These findings are particularly timely, as law- and policymakers are tasked to reverse the ongoing opioid epidemic, as more states legalize marijuana, as new products including electronic cigarettes and newly designed abused substances enter the legal and illegal markets, and as "deaths of despair" from alcohol and drug misuse continue.
物质和酒精使用障碍给个人、家庭、社区和社会带来了巨大的健康和经济负担。预防和治疗措施并非对所有人都有效。结果往往是有限的。神经科学和成瘾研究的进展有助于描述一个人从娱乐性物质使用过渡到物质使用障碍或成瘾时发生的神经生物学变化。了解易受影响人群（包括大脑仍在发育的人群）的物质使用的驱动因素和后果，揭示了可能增加成瘾风险的行为和生物学特征。这些发现非常及时，因为法律和政策制定者的任务是扭转持续的阿片类药物流行，因为越来越多的州使大麻合法化，随着包括电子烟和新设计的滥用物质在内的新产品进入合法和非法市场，以及由于酒精和药物滥用导致的“绝望死亡”仍在继续。
