Lange Klaus W, Nakamura Yukiko
Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
Glob Health J. 2020 Dec;4(4):146-152. doi: 10.1016/j.glohj.2020.11.002. Epub 2020 Nov 9.
Confinement to the home and psychological distress due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may lead to harmful health behaviors, such as overeating, sedentary behavior with reduced physical activity, elevated alcohol and tobacco use and increased screen time causing impaired sleep. All of these behaviors are associated with non-communicable diseases and can interfere with immunity. While no foods, single nutrients or dietary supplements are capable of preventing infection with COVID-19, a balanced diet containing sufficient amounts of macronutrients and diverse micronutrients is a prerequisite of an optimally functioning immune system. High-energy "Western" diets and obesity are major risk factors for a more severe course of COVID-19. Alcohol use and tobacco also have detrimental effects on the immune system. Therefore, population-wide body weight control, reduction of smoking rates and limitation of alcohol consumption are important preventive measures. Furthermore, sufficient restorative sleep is needed for adequate immune functioning. Appropriate lifestyle changes in regard to nutrition, exercise, sleep, smoking and alcohol intake may help shift the population distribution of infection risk and aid in preventing severe COVID-19 disease. Large-scale surveys should explore the effects of lifestyle changes, and the provision of reliable lifestyle information and effective interventions to individuals and communities during the pandemic is a pressing need.
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行导致的居家隔离和心理困扰可能会引发有害健康行为，如暴饮暴食、久坐不动导致身体活动减少、酒精和烟草使用量增加以及屏幕使用时间延长导致睡眠受损。所有这些行为都与非传染性疾病有关，并且会干扰免疫力。虽然没有哪种食物、单一营养素或膳食补充剂能够预防COVID-19感染，但含有足够量的宏量营养素和多样微量营养素的均衡饮食是免疫系统最佳运作的先决条件。高能量的“西方”饮食和肥胖是COVID-19病情更严重的主要危险因素。饮酒和吸烟也会对免疫系统产生有害影响。因此，全人群的体重控制、吸烟率降低和酒精消费限制是重要的预防措施。此外，充足的恢复性睡眠对于免疫功能正常运作是必要的。在营养、运动、睡眠、吸烟和酒精摄入方面进行适当的生活方式改变，可能有助于改变感染风险的人群分布，并有助于预防严重的COVID-19疾病。大规模调查应探索生活方式改变的影响，在大流行期间向个人和社区提供可靠的生活方式信息和有效的干预措施是当务之急。
