Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany.
J Mol Med (Berl). 2021 Apr;99(4):517-530. doi: 10.1007/s00109-021-02043-9. Epub 2021 Feb 4.
The human gastrointestinal tract is in constant contact with microbial stimuli. Its barriers have to ensure co-existence with the commensal bacteria, while enabling surveillance of intruding pathogens. At the centre of the interaction lies the epithelial layer, which marks the boundaries of the body. It is equipped with a multitude of different innate immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors, to mount inflammatory responses to microbes. Dysfunction of this intricate system results in inflammation-associated pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, the complexity of the cellular interactions, their molecular basis and their development remains poorly understood. In recent years, stem cell-derived organoids have gained increasing attention as promising models for both development and a broad range of pathologies, including infectious diseases. In addition, organoids enable the study of epithelial innate immunity in vitro. In this review, we focus on the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and its regional organization to discuss innate immune sensing and development.
人体胃肠道与微生物刺激物持续接触。其屏障必须确保与共生细菌共存，同时能够监视入侵的病原体。相互作用的中心是上皮层，它标志着身体的边界。它配备了多种不同的先天免疫传感器，如 Toll 样受体，以对微生物产生炎症反应。这个复杂系统的功能障碍会导致炎症相关的病理，如炎症性肠病。然而，细胞相互作用的复杂性、它们的分子基础和它们的发展仍然知之甚少。近年来，干细胞衍生的类器官作为发育和广泛的病理（包括传染病）的有前途的模型越来越受到关注。此外，类器官还可以在体外研究上皮先天免疫。在这篇综述中，我们重点讨论胃肠道上皮屏障及其区域组织，以讨论先天免疫感应和发育。
