Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H7, Canada.
Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 May;239(5):1263-1277. doi: 10.1007/s00213-021-05773-3. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
With alcohol and cannabis remaining the most commonly detected drugs in seriously and fatally injured drivers, there is a need to understand their combined effects on driving.
The present study examined the effects of combinations of smoked cannabis (12.5% THC) and alcohol (target BrAC 0.08%) on simulated driving performance, subjective drug effects, cardiovascular measures, and self-reported perception of driving ability.
In this within-subjects, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, cannabis users (1-7 days/week) aged 19-29 years attended four drug administration sessions in which simulated driving, subjective effects, cardiovascular measures, and whole blood THC and metabolite concentrations were assessed following placebo alcohol and placebo cannabis (<0.1% THC), alcohol and placebo cannabis, placebo alcohol and active cannabis, and alcohol and active cannabis.
Standard deviation of lateral position in the combined condition was significantly different from the placebo condition (p < 0.001). Standard deviation of lateral position was also significantly different from alcohol and cannabis alone conditions in the single task overall drive (p = 0.029 and p = 0.032, respectively), from the alcohol alone condition in the dual task overall drive (p = 0.022) and the cannabis alone condition in the dual task straightaway drive (p = 0.002). Compared to the placebo condition, the combined and alcohol conditions significantly increased reaction time. Subjective effects in the combined condition were significantly greater than with either of the drugs alone at some time points, particularly later in the session. A driving ability questionnaire showed that participants seemed unaware of their level of impairment.
Combinations of alcohol and cannabis increased weaving and reaction time, and tended to produce greater subjective effects compared to placebo and the single drug conditions suggesting a potential additive effect. The fact that participants were unaware of this increased effect has important implications for driving safety.
在严重和致命性交通意外中，酒精和大麻是最常被检测到的药物，因此需要了解它们对驾驶的综合影响。
本研究旨在检测吸食大麻（THC 含量 12.5%）和酒精（目标血液酒精浓度 0.08%）联合对模拟驾驶表现、主观药物效应、心血管指标和自我感知驾驶能力的影响。
在这项在参与者内、双盲、双模拟、安慰剂对照、随机临床试验中，19-29 岁的大麻使用者（每周 1-7 天吸食）参加了 4 次药物给药试验，分别接受安慰剂酒精和安慰剂大麻（<0.1%THC）、酒精和安慰剂大麻、安慰剂酒精和活性大麻以及酒精和活性大麻的给药，随后评估模拟驾驶、主观效应、心血管指标以及全血 THC 和代谢物浓度。
在联合条件下，横向位置标准差与安慰剂条件显著不同（p < 0.001）。在单项总驾驶任务中，横向位置标准差与酒精和大麻单独给药条件也显著不同（分别为 p = 0.029 和 p = 0.032），在双项总驾驶任务中与酒精单独给药条件显著不同（p = 0.022），在双项直道驾驶任务中与大麻单独给药条件显著不同（p = 0.002）。与安慰剂条件相比，联合和酒精条件显著增加了反应时间。在一些时间点，与单一药物条件相比，联合条件下的主观效应显著更大，尤其是在试验后期。一份驾驶能力问卷显示，参与者似乎没有意识到自己的受损程度。
酒精和大麻联合使用增加了驾驶时的摆动和反应时间，与安慰剂和单一药物条件相比，主观效应也倾向于更大，这表明可能存在相加效应。参与者没有意识到这种影响增加的事实，这对驾驶安全具有重要意义。
