Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Etnobiológicos Del Duero-Douro (GRIRED), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, E-37071, Spain.
Departamento Anatomía Patológica, Biología Celular, Histología, Historia de La Ciencia, Medicina Legal y Forense y Toxicología, Área de Historia de La Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, E-11003, Spain.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 May 10;271:113900. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113900. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
This review documents the wide and varied repertoire of traditional practices and remedies based on the use of domestic animals in Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) from the early 20th century to the present. Empirical practices, both ritual and magical, are recorded, and these EVM data are compared with those of other countries in the Mediterranean region and Latin America. The data collected here could form a scientific foundation for future inventories of local veterinary knowledge (LVK) and research addressing the discovery of new drugs for livestock and the validation of the effects.
A qualitative systematic review of the most important databases in the fields of ethnobiology, ethnoveterinary medicine, folklore and ethnography was performed. Information and use-reports were obtained from more than 60 documentary sources.
We recorded the use of nine domestic animal species and one hybrid (the mule) and a total of 171 empirical remedies based on the use of a single species. A wide diversity of body parts or derivative products were/are used. Fat was/is the most commonly used product, being used in 71 remedies (42%). These zootherapeutic resources were/are used to treat or prevent a total of 69 animal diseases or medical conditions, in particular dermatological, reproductive and digestive ailments, together with some infectious diseases. Sheep, cattle, goats and equines form the group of domestic animals in which the greatest number of useful species is employed. In addition, many remedies and practices of the magical-religious type are documented. In comparison with other culturally related areas, there is a greater parallelism in the animals and body parts and derivative products used, and the ailments treated.
Contemporary Spanish EVM practices amass a great richness of domestic animal-based remedies. A diversity of body parts or derivative products has been used, offering a cultural heritage that could be a fundamental step in the discovery of new and low-cost drugs for treating livestock and alternative materials for pharmaceutical purposes, and it can contribute to the creation of new strategies for the conservation of natural resources and management of endangered species. The usage of zootherapeutic products derived from wild animals can be replaced by the use of products isolated from domestic animals. Finally, this overview contributes to the inventory of some uses, traditional practices and rituals seriously threatened by the progressive loss of LVK.
本综述记录了广泛而多样的基于西班牙民族兽医医学（EVM）的家养动物传统实践和疗法，时间跨度从 20 世纪初至今。记录了包括仪式和魔法在内的经验实践，并将这些 EVM 数据与地中海地区和拉丁美洲其他国家的数据进行了比较。这里收集的数据可以为未来的当地兽医知识（LVK）清单和研究提供科学基础，以发现用于牲畜的新药并验证其效果。
对民族生物学、民族兽医医学、民俗学和民族志领域的最重要数据库进行了定性系统综述。从 60 多个文献来源中获得了信息和使用报告。
我们记录了 9 种家养动物物种和 1 种杂种（骡子）的使用情况，以及基于单一物种的 171 种经验疗法。使用了各种各样的身体部位或衍生产品。脂肪是最常用的产品，在 71 种疗法（42%）中使用。这些动物治疗资源用于治疗或预防总共 69 种动物疾病或医疗状况，特别是皮肤病、生殖和消化系统疾病，以及一些传染病。绵羊、牛、山羊和马形成了使用最多有用物种的家养动物群体。此外，还记录了许多魔法宗教类型的疗法和实践。与其他文化相关地区相比，使用的动物、身体部位和衍生产品以及治疗的疾病有更大的相似性。
当代西班牙 EVM 实践汇集了大量基于家养动物的疗法。使用了多种身体部位或衍生产品，提供了一种文化遗产，这可能是发现用于治疗牲畜的新的低成本药物和替代药物的基本步骤，并且可以为自然资源保护和濒危物种管理的新战略做出贡献。源自野生动物的动物治疗产品的使用可以被从家养动物中分离出来的产品所取代。最后，本综述有助于盘点一些受到 LVK 逐渐丧失严重威胁的传统用途、实践和仪式。
