Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
Vasc Med. 2021 Feb;26(1):56-70. doi: 10.1177/1358863X20983455.
Raynaud's phenomenon, which is characterized by episodic digital pallor, cyanosis and rubor upon exposure to cold environment or to stress, is relatively common, although the prevalence depends on the climate. Still, it is under-diagnosed, under-treated, and often confused with other conditions. Primary Raynaud's phenomenon (i.e., Raynaud disease) must be distinguished from secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (i.e., Raynaud syndrome) as long-term morbidity and outcomes differ vastly between the two conditions. Additionally, the practitioner must differentiate between Raynaud's phenomenon and related vascular disorders, such as acrocyanosis, pernio, and livedo reticularis. In this article, we review differences between the conditions and suggest an approach to diagnosis and treatment strategy for these disorders.
雷诺现象，其特征为在寒冷环境或应激下间歇性出现指（趾）端苍白、发绀和变红，较为常见，但其流行程度取决于气候。然而，其诊断不足、治疗不足，且常与其他疾病相混淆。原发性雷诺现象（即雷诺病）必须与继发性雷诺现象（即雷诺综合征）相区分，因为这两种疾病的长期发病率和结局差异很大。此外，临床医生必须区分雷诺现象和相关的血管疾病，如肢端发绀、冻疮和网状青斑。本文回顾了这些疾病之间的差异，并提出了这些疾病的诊断和治疗策略。
