Demircioğlu Deniz, Öztürk Durmaz Emel
Department of Dermatology, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
Dermatol Res Pract. 2025 Jan 16;2025:2904301. doi: 10.1155/drp/2904301. eCollection 2025.
Acrocyanosis is a functional peripheral vascular disorder, currently categorized under the canopy of acrosyndromes, i.e., a group of clinically similar and significantly overlapping vascular disorders involving the acral skin. The disorder might be primary or secondary, depending on the cause. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge in acrocyanosis prevalence along with the COVID-19 pandemic. Both COVID-19 infection and vaccines for COVID-19 have been affixed to the list of disorders instigating acrocyanosis. The goal of this narrative review was to evaluate the existing literature, project acrocyanosis from the viewpoint of dermatologists in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, and assess the need for targeted research, education, and/or clinical practice. An English literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google. All abstracts on acrocyanosis, irrespective of the article type and publication date, were retrieved and reviewed and those most relevant for the focus of this article were selected and summarized. A narrative review was carried out. There is paucity of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on acrocyanosis in the English literature, implicating the need for targeted research. Pertinent information still relies on anecdotal observations, case reports, case series, or scarce reviews, which are dated rather old and published in vascular-oriented journals. The scarcity of published literature on acrocyanosis in dermatology-oriented journals points to the necessity of professional education and improvement of clinical diagnostic skills for dermatologists. Although acrocyanosis is the least known and the least studied acrosyndrome, it is increasingly more commonly confronted in the COVID-19 era. The diagnosis still largely relies on clinical findings. Accordingly, it has become a growing necessity for a dermatologist to remain updated on this peculiar disorder and be able to differentiate acrocyanosis from clinically similar cold-induced or cold-exacerbated acrosyndromes. Acrocyanosis is still misdiagnosed, underdiagnosed, underreported, and undertreated by the dermatology community.
手足发绀症是一种功能性外周血管疾病，目前归类于肢端综合征范畴，即一组临床症状相似且有明显重叠的累及手足皮肤的血管疾病。该疾病可能是原发性的，也可能是继发性的，取决于病因。最近，随着新冠疫情的出现，手足发绀症的患病率显著上升。新冠病毒感染和新冠疫苗都被列入了引发手足发绀症的疾病清单。本叙述性综述的目的是评估现有文献，从皮肤科医生的角度审视新冠疫情下的手足发绀症，并评估针对性研究、教育和/或临床实践的必要性。通过PubMed和谷歌进行了英文文献检索。检索并回顾了所有关于手足发绀症的摘要，无论文章类型和发表日期如何，选择并总结了与本文重点最相关的内容。进行了叙述性综述。英文文献中关于手足发绀症的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究较少，这表明需要针对性研究。相关信息仍然依赖于轶事观察、病例报告、病例系列或稀少的综述，这些资料年代较久，发表在血管领域的期刊上。面向皮肤科的期刊上关于手足发绀症的已发表文献稀缺，这表明皮肤科医生需要接受专业教育并提高临床诊断技能。尽管手足发绀症是最不为人所知且研究最少的肢端综合征，但在新冠时代却越来越常见。诊断仍主要依赖临床发现。因此，皮肤科医生不断了解这种特殊疾病并能够将手足发绀症与临床症状相似的冷诱导或冷加重型肢端综合征区分开来变得越来越必要。手足发绀症仍然被皮肤科界误诊、漏诊、报告不足和治疗不足。
