. Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração - InCor - Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil.
. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA - Araraquara (SP) Brasil.
J Bras Pneumol. 2021 Feb 8;47(1):e20200267. doi: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20200267. eCollection 2021.
Environmental air pollution is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Environmental air pollution has a direct impact on human health, being responsible for an increase in the incidence of and number of deaths due to cardiopulmonary, neoplastic, and metabolic diseases; it also contributes to global warming and the consequent climate change associated with extreme events and environmental imbalances. In this review, we present articles that show the impact that exposure to different sources and types of air pollutants has on the respiratory system; we present the acute effects-such as increases in symptoms and in the number of emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and deaths-and the chronic effects-such as increases in the incidence of asthma, COPD, and lung cancer, as well as a rapid decline in lung function. The effects of air pollution in more susceptible populations and the effects associated with physical exercise in polluted environments are also presented and discussed. Finally, we present the major studies on the subject conducted in Brazil. Health care and disease prevention services should be aware of this important risk factor in order to counsel more susceptible individuals about protective measures that can facilitate their treatment, as well as promoting the adoption of environmental measures that contribute to the reduction of such emissions.
环境空气污染是全球发病率和死亡率的主要危险因素之一。环境空气污染直接影响人类健康，导致心肺、肿瘤和代谢疾病发病率和死亡率上升；它还导致全球变暖以及与极端事件和环境失衡相关的气候变化。在这篇综述中，我们呈现了一些文章，这些文章展示了暴露于不同来源和类型的空气污染物对呼吸系统的影响；我们呈现了急性影响，如症状和急诊就诊次数、住院和死亡人数的增加，以及慢性影响，如哮喘、COPD 和肺癌发病率的增加，以及肺功能的快速下降。还介绍和讨论了在易感人群中的空气污染影响以及在污染环境中进行体育锻炼的影响。最后，我们呈现了在巴西进行的关于该主题的主要研究。医疗保健和疾病预防服务机构应该意识到这一重要的危险因素，以便为易感个体提供保护措施方面的建议，这有助于他们的治疗，并促进采取环境措施，以减少这种排放。
