Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
Acta Biomater. 2021 Apr 15;125:41-56. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.017. Epub 2021 Feb 16.
Glaucoma is the global leading cause of irreversible blindness. It is a chronic progressive disorder and, therefore, often requires long-term management with drugs on patients' discretion. However, there is a shortage of antiglaucoma drugs in the current market due to their low bioavailability. This is because there are multiple biological barriers of the human eyes, thereby leading to increased demands for frequent dosage regimen per day of these drugs, which could result in concomitant side effects and eventually reduced patient compliance. Recently, nanomedicines have become optimized alternatives to conventional ophthalmic formulations due to advantages of improved barrier permeability, sustained drug release, tissue targeting, and lowered systemic absorption of instilled medications. These merits provide the active ingredients in these nanomedicines an effective manner to reach the ideal concentrations at sites of damaged nerves, offering a promising platform for neuroprotective treatment of these conditions. In this study, nanomedicines and nanomedicine-based novel strategies for pharmacotherapy of glaucoma were reviewed, including liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This article intends to offer a comprehensive review of frontier progresses as well as hotspots and issues that appeared in the field of nanomedicines, which may enable a practical flourish in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recent novel pharmaceutical strategies toward glaucoma, a chronic blinding ocular disease that currently requires frequent daily dosage regimen, based on nanomedicines and nanomaterials have been comprehensively reviewed in this manuscript. The collection of field hotspots and issues in the late years should offer a quick grasp of the general concept and up-to-date threads upon the refinement of existing treatment patterns for glaucoma. Meanwhile, the Conclusion and Future Perspective section given at the end of the text brings out the possible shortages and opinions in terms of ideal research direction, which hopefully could facilitate a future practical flourish in the area.
青光眼是全球导致不可逆性失明的主要原因。它是一种慢性进行性疾病，因此通常需要患者自行长期使用药物进行管理。然而，由于其生物利用度低，目前市场上抗青光眼药物短缺。这是因为人眼有多个生物屏障，从而导致这些药物每天需要增加剂量，这可能导致伴随的副作用，并最终降低患者的依从性。最近，由于改善了屏障通透性、持续释放药物、靶向组织和降低滴眼药物的全身吸收等优势，纳米药物已成为传统眼科制剂的优化替代品。这些优点使这些纳米药物中的有效成分能够以有效的方式到达受损神经部位的理想浓度，为这些疾病的神经保护治疗提供了一个有前途的平台。在这项研究中，综述了用于治疗青光眼的纳米药物和基于纳米药物的新型药物治疗策略，包括脂质体、非离子型脂质体、纳米颗粒和树枝状大分子。本文旨在全面综述纳米药物领域的前沿进展、热点和问题，以期为未来的实际发展提供参考。
本文全面综述了基于纳米药物和纳米材料的治疗慢性致盲眼病青光眼的新型药物策略。近年来该领域的热点和问题的汇集，为深入了解现有青光眼治疗模式的改进提供了一个快速掌握一般概念和最新进展的机会。同时，文末的结论和未来展望部分提出了理想研究方向可能存在的不足和意见，有望促进该领域未来的实际发展。
