Steenwerth Kerri L, Morelan Ian, Stahel Ruby, Figueroa-Balderas Rosa, Cantu Dario, Lee Jungmin, Runnebaum Ron C, Poret-Peterson Amisha T
Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, United States of America.
Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
PeerJ. 2021 Feb 4;9:e10836. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10836. eCollection 2021.
The geographic and temporal distributions of bacterial and fungal populations are poorly understood within the same wine grape cultivar. In this work, we describe the microbial composition from 'Pinot noir' must with respect to vintage, growing region, climate, and must chemistry across the states of California and Oregon, USA.
We sampled 'Pinot noir' clone 667 clusters from 15 vineyards existing in a latitudinal gradient spanning nearly 1,200 km in California and Oregon for two vintages (2016 and 2017). Regions included five American Viticultural Areas (AVA). In order from southern California to Oregon, these AVAs were Santa Barbara, Monterey, Sonoma, Mendocino, and Willamette Valley. Uninoculated grape musts were subjected to 16S rRNA gene and ITS-1 amplicon sequencing to assess composition of microbial communities. We also measured grape maturity metrics. Finally, to describe regions by precipitation and growing degree days, we queried the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) spatial climate dataset.
Most of the dominant bacterial taxa in must samples were in the family notably the lactic acid bacteria or the acetic acid bacteria groups, but some, like the betaproteobacterial genus belonged to groups not commonly found in grape musts. Fungal communities were dominated by (). We detected relationships between covariates (e.g., vintage, precipitation during the growing season, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids) and bacterial genera and in the family () (), and (), as well as fungal genera in , , in the family , as well as () () and () Fungal community distances were significantly correlated with geographic distances, but this was not observed for bacterial communities. Climate varied across regions and vintages, with growing season precipitation ranging from 11 mm to 285 mm and growing degree days ranging from 1,245 to 1,846.
We determined that (1) bacterial beta diversity is structured by growing season precipitation, (2) fungal beta diversity reflects growing season precipitation and growing degree days, and (3) microbial differential abundances of specific genera vary with vintage, growing season precipitation, and fruit maturity metrics. Further, the correlation between fungal community dissimilarities and geographic distance suggests dispersal limitation and the vineyard as a source for abundant fungal taxa. Contrasting this observation, the lack of correlation between bacterial community dissimilarity and geographic distance suggests that environmental filtering is shaping these communities.
对于同一酿酒葡萄品种内细菌和真菌种群的地理和时间分布，我们了解得还很少。在本研究中，我们描述了美国加利福尼亚州和俄勒冈州不同年份、种植区域、气候以及葡萄汁化学成分的黑皮诺葡萄汁中的微生物组成。
我们从加利福尼亚州和俄勒冈州沿纬度梯度分布的15个葡萄园采集了黑皮诺667克隆品系的葡萄串，采集年份为2016年和2017年。这些区域包括五个美国葡萄种植区（AVA）。从南加利福尼亚州到俄勒冈州，这些AVA依次为圣巴巴拉、蒙特雷、索诺玛、门多西诺和威拉米特谷。对未接种的葡萄汁进行16S rRNA基因和ITS-1扩增子测序，以评估微生物群落的组成。我们还测量了葡萄成熟度指标。最后，为了通过降水量和生长度日来描述各区域，我们查询了独立坡度模型参数-海拔回归（PRISM）空间气候数据集。
葡萄汁样本中大多数优势细菌类群属于 科，尤其是乳酸菌或醋酸菌组，但有些，如β-变形菌属 ，属于葡萄汁中不常见的类群。真菌群落以 （ ）为主。我们检测到协变量（如年份、生长季节降水量、pH值、可滴定酸度和总可溶性固形物）与 科中的细菌属 、 和 （ ）、 （ ）以及 （ ）之间的关系，以及 科中 、 、 中的真菌属，以及 （ ）（ ）和 （ ）之间的关系。真菌群落距离与地理距离显著相关，但细菌群落未观察到这种情况。不同区域和年份的气候各不相同，生长季节降水量从11毫米到285毫米不等，生长度日从一千二百四十五到一千八百四十六不等。
我们确定：（1）细菌β多样性受生长季节降水量的影响；（2）真菌β多样性反映生长季节降水量和生长度日；（3）特定属的微生物差异丰度随年份、生长季节降水量和果实成熟度指标而变化。此外，真菌群落差异与地理距离之间的相关性表明扩散限制以及葡萄园是丰富真菌类群的来源。与这一观察结果形成对比的是，细菌群落差异与地理距离之间缺乏相关性，这表明环境过滤正在塑造这些群落。
