Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico.
Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Apr 30;177:559-577. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.101. Epub 2021 Feb 17.
Every year, new organisms that survive and colonize adverse environments are discovered and isolated. Those organisms, called extremophiles, are distributed throughout the world, both in aquatic and terrestrial environments, such as sulfurous marsh waters, hydrothermal springs, deep waters, volcanos, terrestrial hot springs, marine saltern, salt lakes, among others. According to the ecosystem inhabiting, extremophiles are categorized as thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkalophilic, piezophiles, saccharophiles, metallophiles and polyextremophiles. They have developed chemical adaptation strategies that allow them to maintain their cellular integrity, altering physiology or improving repair capabilities; one of them is the biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), which constitute a slime and hydrated matrix that keep the cells embedded, protecting from environmental stress (desiccation, salinity, temperature, radiation). EPS have gained interest; they are explored by their unique properties such as structural complexity, biodegradability, biological activities, and biocompatibility. Here, we present a review concerning the biosynthesis, characterization, and potential EPS applications produced by extremophile microorganisms, namely, thermophiles, halophiles, and psychrophiles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted, considering research articles published within the last two decades. Besides, an overview of the culture conditions used for extremophiles, the main properties and multiple potential applications of their EPS is also presented.
每年，人们都会发现并分离出新的能够在恶劣环境中生存和定殖的生物体。这些被称为极端微生物的生物体分布在世界各地，包括水生和陆地环境，如硫磺沼泽水、热液泉、深海、火山、陆地温泉、海水盐场、盐湖等。根据栖息的生态系统，极端微生物可分为嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、嗜盐菌、嗜酸菌、嗜堿菌、耐压菌、嗜糖菌、金属菌和多极端微生物。它们已经开发出化学适应策略，使它们能够保持细胞完整性，改变生理机能或提高修复能力；其中之一是胞外多糖（EPS）的生物合成，EPS 构成了一种粘液和水合基质，使细胞嵌入其中，保护细胞免受环境压力（干燥、盐度、温度、辐射）的影响。EPS 引起了人们的兴趣；它们因其独特的性质而被探索，如结构复杂性、可生物降解性、生物活性和生物相容性。在这里，我们综述了极端微生物（包括嗜热菌、嗜盐菌和嗜冷菌）产生的胞外多糖的生物合成、特性和潜在应用。我们进行了文献计量分析，考虑了过去二十年发表的研究文章。此外，还介绍了极端微生物的培养条件、其 EPS 的主要性质和多种潜在应用。
