Dalmaso Gabriel Zamith Leal, Ferreira Davis, Vermelho Alane Beatriz
BIOINOVAR-Biotechnology laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Graduate Program in Plant Biotechnology, Health and Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Mar Drugs. 2015 Apr 3;13(4):1925-65. doi: 10.3390/md13041925.
The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. Extremozymes are adapted to work in harsh physical-chemical conditions and their use in various industrial applications such as the biofuel, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and food industries has increased. The understanding of the specific factors that confer the ability to withstand extreme habitats on such enzymes has become a priority for their biotechnological use. The most studied marine extremophiles are prokaryotes and in this review, we present the most studied archaea and bacteria extremophiles and their hydrolases, and discuss their use for industrial applications.
海洋环境覆盖了地球近四分之三的面积，是进化迈出第一步的地方。在几个极端海洋环境中发现了嗜极微生物，如热液喷口、温泉、盐湖和深海海底。这些微生物耐受极端温度、盐度和压力的能力显示出它们在生物技术过程中的巨大潜力。出于这些原因，人们对来自嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、嗜盐菌和嗜压菌的水解酶（包括淀粉酶、纤维素酶、肽酶和脂肪酶）进行了研究。极端酶适合在恶劣的物理化学条件下工作，它们在生物燃料、制药、精细化工和食品工业等各种工业应用中的使用有所增加。了解赋予此类酶耐受极端生境能力的具体因素已成为其生物技术应用的首要任务。研究最多的海洋嗜极生物是原核生物，在本综述中，我们介绍了研究最多的古菌和细菌嗜极生物及其水解酶，并讨论它们在工业应用中的用途。
