Muñoz-Atienza Estefanía, Díaz-Rosales Patricia, Tafalla Carolina
Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 16;11:622377. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622377. eCollection 2020.
The development of mucosal vaccines against pathogens is currently a highly explored area of research in both humans and animals. This is due to the fact that mucosal vaccines have the potential to best elicit protective responses at these mucosal surfaces, which represent the frontline of host defense, thus blocking the pathogen at its initial replication sites. However, in order to provide an efficient long-lasting protection, these mucosal vaccines have to be capable of eliciting an adequate systemic immune response in addition to local responses. In aquaculture, the need for mucosal vaccines has further practical implications, as these vaccines would avoid the individual manipulation of fish out of the water, being beneficial from both an economic and animal welfare point of view. However, how B and T cells are organized in teleost fish within these mucosal sites and how they respond to mucosally delivered antigens varies greatly when compared to mammals. For this reason, it is important to establish which mucosally delivered antigens have the capacity to induce strong and long-lasting B and T cell responses. Hence, in this review, we have summarized what is currently known regarding the adaptive immune mechanisms that are induced both locally and systemically in fish after mucosal immunization through different routes of administration including oral and nasal vaccination, anal intubation and immersion vaccination. Finally, based on the data presented, we discuss how mucosal vaccination strategies could be improved to reach significant protection levels in these species.
针对病原体的黏膜疫苗研发目前是人类和动物研究中一个备受关注的领域。这是因为黏膜疫苗有潜力在这些作为宿主防御前线的黏膜表面引发最佳的保护性反应，从而在病原体的初始复制位点将其阻断。然而，为了提供高效持久的保护，这些黏膜疫苗除了引发局部反应外，还必须能够引发足够的全身免疫反应。在水产养殖中，黏膜疫苗的需求具有更实际的意义，因为这些疫苗可以避免将鱼捞出水面进行个体操作，从经济和动物福利的角度来看都有益处。然而，与哺乳动物相比，硬骨鱼体内这些黏膜部位的B细胞和T细胞是如何组织的，以及它们对黏膜递送的抗原如何反应，差异很大。因此，确定哪些黏膜递送的抗原有能力诱导强烈且持久的B细胞和T细胞反应很重要。因此，在本综述中，我们总结了目前已知的关于通过不同给药途径（包括口服和鼻内接种、肛门插管和浸泡接种）进行黏膜免疫后，鱼类在局部和全身诱导的适应性免疫机制。最后，基于所呈现的数据，我们讨论了如何改进黏膜疫苗接种策略，以在这些物种中达到显著的保护水平。
