Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 19;18(4):2014. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042014.
Biofilms, present as microorganisms and surviving on surfaces, can increase food cross-contamination, leading to changes in the food industry's cleaning and disinfection dynamics. Biofilm is an association of microorganisms that is irreversibly linked with a surface, contained in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix, which poses a formidable challenge for food industries. To avoid biofilms from forming, and to eliminate them from reversible attachment and irreversible stages, where attached microorganisms improve surface adhesion, a strong disinfectant is required to eliminate bacterial attachments. This review paper tackles biofilm problems from all perspectives, including biofilm-forming pathogens in the food industry, disinfectant resistance of biofilm, and identification methods. As biofilms are largely responsible for food spoilage and outbreaks, they are also considered responsible for damage to food processing equipment. Hence the need to gain good knowledge about all of the factors favouring their development or growth, such as the attachment surface, food matrix components, environmental conditions, the bacterial cells involved, and electrostatic charging of surfaces. Overall, this review study shows the real threat of biofilms in the food industry due to the resistance of disinfectants and the mechanisms developed for their survival, including the intercellular signalling system, the cyclic nucleotide second messenger, and biofilm-associated proteins.
生物膜以微生物的形式存在并附着在表面上，可以增加食物的交叉污染，从而改变食品行业的清洁和消毒动态。生物膜是一种微生物的联合体，与表面不可逆地结合在一起，包含在细胞外聚合物基质中，这对食品工业构成了巨大的挑战。为了防止生物膜的形成，并从可逆附着和不可逆阶段消除它们，在附着微生物提高表面附着力的阶段，需要使用强力消毒剂来消除细菌附着。本文从各个角度探讨了生物膜问题，包括食品工业中形成生物膜的病原体、生物膜的消毒剂抗性以及鉴定方法。由于生物膜在很大程度上导致了食物变质和爆发，它们也被认为对食品加工设备造成了损害。因此，需要充分了解有利于生物膜发展或生长的所有因素，例如附着表面、食品基质成分、环境条件、涉及的细菌细胞以及表面的静电充电。总的来说，由于消毒剂的抗性以及微生物为了生存而发展的机制，包括细胞间信号系统、环核苷酸第二信使和生物膜相关蛋白，本综述研究表明了生物膜在食品工业中的真正威胁。
