Vanegas Diana C, Gomes Carmen L, Cavallaro Nicholas D, Giraldo-Escobar Daniel, McLamore Eric S
Food Engineering, Univ. del Valle, 338 Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez, Cali, Colombia.
Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M Univ., 2117 TAMU, Scoates Hall 201, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017 Nov;16(6):1188-1205. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12294. Epub 2017 Sep 11.
The presence of unsafe levels of microorganisms in food constitutes a growing economic and public health problem that necessitates new technology for their rapid detection along the food continuum from production to consumption. While traditional techniques are reliable, there is a need for more sensitive, selective, rapid, and cost-effective approaches for food safety evaluation. Methods such as microbiological counts are sufficiently accurate and inexpensive, and are capable of determining presence and viability for most pathogens. However, these techniques are time consuming, involve destructive sampling, and require trained personnel and biosafety-certified facilities for analysis. Molecular techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction have greatly improved analytical capability over the last decade, achieving shorter analysis time with quantitative data and strain specificity, and in some cases the ability to discriminate cell viability. The emerging field of nanosensors/biosensors has demonstrated a variety of devices that hold promise to bridge the gap between traditional plate counting and molecular techniques. Many nanosensors/biosensors are rapid, portable, accurate devices that can be used as an additional screening tool for identifying unsafe levels of microorganisms in food products with no need for pre-enrichment. In this review, we provide a brief overview of available biorecognition-transduction techniques for detecting bacteria in food. We then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and describe some recent biosensor or nanosensor technologies that are under development. We conclude by summarizing the opportunities and challenges in the field of pathogen monitoring in food systems and we focus the discussion on the strengths/weaknesses of the most popular biorecognition agents and transducer nanomaterials for biosensing.
食品中存在不安全水平的微生物构成了一个日益严重的经济和公共卫生问题，这就需要新技术来在从生产到消费的整个食品链中快速检测这些微生物。虽然传统技术可靠，但仍需要更灵敏、更具选择性、快速且经济高效的食品安全评估方法。诸如微生物计数等方法足够准确且成本低廉，能够确定大多数病原体的存在和活力。然而，这些技术耗时、涉及破坏性采样，并且需要训练有素的人员和经过生物安全认证的设施进行分析。在过去十年中，诸如聚合酶链反应等分子技术极大地提高了分析能力，实现了更短的分析时间，并能获得定量数据和菌株特异性，在某些情况下还具备区分细胞活力的能力。纳米传感器/生物传感器这一新兴领域已展示出多种有望弥合传统平板计数法与分子技术之间差距的设备。许多纳米传感器/生物传感器是快速、便携、准确的设备，可作为一种额外的筛选工具，用于识别食品中不安全水平的微生物，而无需进行预富集。在本综述中，我们简要概述了用于检测食品中细菌的现有生物识别 - 转导技术。然后，我们讨论了每种技术的优缺点，并描述了一些正在开发的最新生物传感器或纳米传感器技术。我们通过总结食品系统中病原体监测领域的机遇和挑战来得出结论，并将讨论重点放在用于生物传感的最流行生物识别剂和换能器纳米材料的优缺点上。
