DSM Nutrition Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
Nutrients. 2021 Feb 11;13(2):592. doi: 10.3390/nu13020592.
This study applied linear programming using a Dutch "model diet" to simulate the dietary shifts needed in order to optimize the intake of vitamin D and to minimize the carbon footprint, considering the popularity of the diet. Scenarios were modelled without and with additional fortified bread, milk, and oil as options in the diets. The baseline diet provided about one fifth of the adequate intake of vitamin D from natural food sources and voluntary vitamin D-fortified foods. Nevertheless, when optimizing this diet for vitamin D, these food sources together were insufficient to meet the adequate intake required, unless the carbon emission and calorie intake were increased almost 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively. When vitamin D-fortified bread, milk, and oil were added as options to the diet, along with increases in fish consumption, and decreases in sugar, snack, and cake consumption, adequate intakes for vitamin D and other nutrients could be met within the 2000 kcal limits, along with a relatively unchanged carbon footprint. Achieving vitamin D goals while reducing the carbon footprint by 10% was only possible when compromising on the popularity of the diet. Adding vitamin D to foods did not contribute to the total carbon emissions. The modelling study shows that it is impossible to obtain adequate vitamin D through realistic dietary shifts alone, unless more vitamin D-fortified foods are a necessary part of the diet.
本研究应用线性规划，采用荷兰“模式饮食”来模拟为优化维生素 D 摄入量和最小化碳足迹而需要进行的饮食转变，同时考虑到这种饮食的普及性。在不考虑和考虑额外强化面包、牛奶和油作为饮食选择的情况下，对各种情况进行了建模。基础饮食仅能从天然食物来源和自愿强化维生素 D 的食物中提供维生素 D 摄入量的五分之一左右。然而，当为维生素 D 优化这种饮食时，这些食物来源加起来不足以满足所需的充足摄入量，除非将碳排放量和卡路里摄入量分别增加近 3 倍和 2 倍。当将强化面包、牛奶和油作为饮食选择添加到饮食中，并增加鱼类的摄入量，同时减少糖、零食和蛋糕的摄入量时，在满足 2000 卡路里限制的同时，也可以满足维生素 D 和其他营养素的充足摄入量，并且碳足迹相对不变。只有在牺牲饮食的普及性的情况下，才能在降低 10%碳足迹的同时实现维生素 D 目标。向食物中添加维生素 D 不会增加总碳排放量。这项建模研究表明，仅通过现实的饮食转变无法获得足够的维生素 D，除非更多强化维生素 D 的食物成为饮食的必要组成部分。
