Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health, Brno, Czech Republic.
Eur J Nutr. 2019 Jun;58(4):1475-1493. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1673-6. Epub 2018 Mar 28.
Public health policies and actions increasingly acknowledge the climate burden of food consumption. The aim of this study is to describe dietary intakes across four European countries, as baseline for further research towards healthier and environmentally-friendlier diets for Europe.
Individual-level dietary intake data in adults were obtained from nationally-representative surveys from Denmark and France using a 7-day diet record, Italy using a 3-day diet record, and Czech Republic using two replicates of a 24-h recall. Energy-standardised food and nutrient intakes were calculated for each subject from the mean of two randomly selected days.
There was clear geographical variability, with a between-country range for mean fruit intake from 118 to 199 g/day, for vegetables from 95 to 239 g/day, for fish from 12 to 45 g/day, for dairy from 129 to 302 g/day, for sweet beverages from 48 to 224 ml/day, and for alcohol from 8 to 15 g/day, with higher intakes in Italy for fruit, vegetables and fish, and in Denmark for dairy, sweet beverages and alcohol. In all countries, intakes were low for legumes (< 20 g/day), and nuts and seeds (< 5 g/day), but high for red and processed meat (> 80 g/day). Within countries, food intakes also varied by socio-economic factors such as age, gender, and educational level, but less pronounced by anthropometric factors such as overweight status. For nutrients, intakes were low for dietary fibre (15.8-19.4 g/day) and vitamin D (2.4-3.0 µg/day) in all countries, for potassium (2288-2938 mg/day) and magnesium (268-285 mg/day) except in Denmark, for vitamin E in Denmark (6.7 mg/day), and for folate in Czech Republic (212 µg/day).
There is considerable variation in food and nutrient intakes across Europe, not only between, but also within countries. Individual-level dietary data provide insight into the heterogeneity of dietary habits beyond per capita food supply data, and this is crucial to balancing healthy and environmentally-friendly diets for European citizens.
公共卫生政策和行动越来越多地认识到食物消费对气候的影响。本研究旨在描述四个欧洲国家的饮食摄入情况，作为进一步研究欧洲更健康和更环保饮食的基础。
使用 7 天饮食记录从丹麦和法国获得成年人个体水平的饮食摄入数据，使用 3 天饮食记录从意大利获得饮食摄入数据，从捷克共和国获得两次 24 小时回忆的重复数据。从随机选择的两天的平均值计算每位受试者的能量标准化食物和营养素摄入量。
存在明显的地域差异，水果摄入量的国家间范围为 118-199g/天，蔬菜摄入量为 95-239g/天，鱼类摄入量为 12-45g/天，乳制品摄入量为 129-302g/天，甜饮料摄入量为 48-224ml/天，酒精摄入量为 8-15g/天，意大利的水果、蔬菜和鱼类摄入量较高，丹麦的乳制品、甜饮料和酒精摄入量较高。在所有国家中，豆类（<20g/天）、坚果和种子（<5g/天）的摄入量都较低，而红色和加工肉类（>80g/天）的摄入量较高。在国内，食物摄入量也因年龄、性别和教育程度等社会经济因素而有所不同，但因超重等人体测量因素而有所不同。对于营养素，所有国家的膳食纤维（15.8-19.4g/天）和维生素 D（2.4-3.0μg/天）摄入量较低，除丹麦外，所有国家的钾（2288-2938mg/天）和镁（268-285mg/天）摄入量较低，丹麦的维生素 E（6.7mg/天）和捷克共和国的叶酸（212μg/天）摄入量较低。
欧洲各国之间以及各国内部的食物和营养素摄入量存在相当大的差异。个体水平的饮食数据提供了对饮食习惯异质性的洞察，而不仅仅是基于人均食物供应数据，这对于平衡欧洲公民的健康和环保饮食至关重要。
