Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2021 Feb 12;11(2):47. doi: 10.3390/bios11020047.
Influenza virus poses a threat to global health by causing seasonal outbreaks as well as three pandemics in the 20th century. In humans, disease is primarily caused by influenza A and B viruses, while influenza C virus causes mild disease mostly in children. Influenza D is an emerging virus found in cattle and pigs. To mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza, rapid and accurate diagnostic tests need to be deployed. However, the high genetic diversity displayed by influenza viruses presents a challenge to the development of a robust diagnostic test. Nucleic acid-based tests are more accurate than rapid antigen tests for influenza and are therefore better candidates to be used in both diagnostic and surveillance applications. Here, we review various nucleic acid-based techniques that have been applied towards the detection of influenza viruses in order to evaluate their utility as both diagnostic and surveillance tools. We discuss both traditional as well as novel methods to detect influenza viruses by covering techniques that require nucleic acid amplification or direct detection of viral RNA as well as comparing advantages and limitations for each method. There has been substantial progress in the development of nucleic acid-based sensing techniques for the detection of influenza virus. However, there is still an urgent need for a rapid and reliable influenza diagnostic test that can be used at point-of-care in order to enhance responsiveness to both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks.
流感病毒通过引起季节性爆发以及 20 世纪的三次大流行，对全球健康构成威胁。在人类中，疾病主要由甲型和乙型流感病毒引起，而丙型流感病毒主要在儿童中引起轻微疾病。丁型流感是在牛和猪中发现的一种新兴病毒。为了减轻流感相关的发病率和死亡率，需要部署快速和准确的诊断测试。然而，流感病毒表现出的高度遗传多样性给开发稳健的诊断测试带来了挑战。基于核酸的测试比快速抗原测试更准确，因此更适合用于诊断和监测应用。在这里，我们回顾了已经应用于检测流感病毒的各种基于核酸的技术，以评估它们作为诊断和监测工具的实用性。我们讨论了通过涵盖需要核酸扩增或直接检测病毒 RNA 的技术来检测流感病毒的传统和新型方法，并比较了每种方法的优缺点。在开发基于核酸的流感病毒检测传感技术方面已经取得了很大进展。然而，仍然迫切需要一种快速可靠的流感诊断测试，可以在护理点使用，以提高对季节性和大流行流感爆发的反应能力。
