School of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2021 Apr;49(4):1128-1150. doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02752-9. Epub 2021 Mar 5.
The need for bone grafts is tremendous, and that leads to the use of autograft, allograft, and bone graft substitutes. The biology of the bone is quite complex regarding cellular composition and architecture, hence developing a mineralized connective tissue graft is challenging. Traditionally used bone graft substitutes including metals, biomaterial coated metals and biodegradable scaffolds, suffer from persistent limitations. With the advent and rise of additive manufacturing technologies, the future of repairing bone trauma and defects seems to be optimistic. 3D printing has significant advantages, the foremost of all being faster manipulation of various biocompatible materials and live cells or tissues into the complex natural geometries necessary to mimic and stimulate cellular bone growth. The advent of new-generation bioprinters working with high-precision, micro-dispensing and direct digital manufacturing is aiding in ground-breaking organ and tissue printing, including the bone. The future bone replacement for patients holds excellent promise as scientists are moving closer to the generation of better 3D printed bio-bone grafts that will be safer and more effective. This review aims to summarize the advances in scaffold fabrication techniques, emphasizing 3D printing of biomimetic bone grafts.
对于骨移植物的需求是巨大的，这导致了自体移植物、同种异体移植物和骨移植物替代品的使用。骨骼的生物学在细胞组成和结构方面非常复杂，因此开发矿化结缔组织移植物具有挑战性。传统上使用的骨移植物替代品包括金属、生物材料涂层金属和可生物降解的支架，但它们存在持续的局限性。随着增材制造技术的出现和兴起，修复骨创伤和缺陷的未来似乎很乐观。3D 打印具有显著的优势，其中最重要的是可以更快地操作各种生物相容性材料和活细胞或组织，形成复杂的自然几何形状，以模拟和刺激细胞骨生长。新一代与高精度、微分配和直接数字制造配合使用的生物打印机正在帮助进行开创性的器官和组织打印，包括骨骼。未来的患者骨替代物有很好的前景，因为科学家们正在更接近生成更安全、更有效的更好的 3D 打印生物骨移植物。本综述旨在总结支架制造技术的进展，强调仿生骨移植物的 3D 打印。
