Cellular and molecular profiles of anterior nervous system regeneration in Grube, 1878 (Annelida, Polychaeta).

The polychaete Grube, 1878 is among those organisms successfully carrying out full body regeneration, including the whole nervous system. Thus, potentially can be regarded for the nervous system regeneration (NSR) study. However, data on the property of its nervous system and the NSR profile are still lacking. In this study, we investigated the morphology of anterior nervous system (ANS) and examined the cellular and molecular profiles on its early anterior NSR. The nervous system of consists of a symmetry brain with nerves branching off, circumpharyngeal connectives that connect the brain and nerve cord as well as obvious segmental ganglia. Moreover, we identified changes in the cellular condition of the ganglionic cells in the regenerating tissue, such as the accumulation of lysosomes and lipofuscins, elongated mitochondria and multiple nucleoli. Furthermore, mRNA of tissues at two regenerating stages, as well as intact tissue (non-regenerating), were sequenced with Illumina sequencer. We identified from these tissues 37,248 sequences, 18 differential expressed proteins of which upregulated were involved in NSR with noelin-like isoform X2 turned up to be the highest being expressed. Our results highlight the cellular and molecular changes during early phase of NSR, thus providing essential insights on regeneration within Annelida and understanding the neurodegenerative diseases.