Ortega Arturo, Olivares-Bañuelos Tatiana N
Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico.
Front Neurosci. 2020 Feb 18;14:121. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00121. eCollection 2020.
The nervous system (NS) of invertebrates and vertebrates is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glia. In both types of organisms, nerve cells have similarities in biochemistry and functionality. The neurons are in charge of the synapse, and the glial cells are in charge of important functions of neuronal and homeostatic modulation. Knowing the mechanisms by which NS cells work is important in the biomedical area for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. For this reason, cellular and animal models to study the properties and characteristics of the NS are always sought. Marine invertebrates are strategic study models for the biological sciences. The sea slug and the squid are two examples of marine key organisms in the neurosciences field. The principal characteristic of marine invertebrates is that they have a simpler NS that consists of few and larger cells, which are well organized and have accessible structures. As well, the close phylogenetic relationship between Chordata and Echinodermata constitutes an additional advantage to use these organisms as a model for the functionality of neuronal cells and their cellular plasticity. Currently, there is great interest in analyzing the signaling processes between neurons and glial cells, both in vertebrates and in invertebrates. However, only few types of glial cells of invertebrates, mostly insects, have been studied, and it is important to consider marine organisms' research. For this reason, the objective of the review is to present an update of the most relevant information that exists around the physiology of marine invertebrate neuronal and glial cells.
无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的神经系统（NS）由两种主要类型的细胞组成：神经元和神经胶质细胞。在这两类生物中，神经细胞在生物化学和功能方面存在相似之处。神经元负责突触，神经胶质细胞负责神经元和稳态调节的重要功能。了解NS细胞的工作机制在生物医学领域对于神经系统疾病的诊断和治疗至关重要。因此，人们一直在寻找用于研究NS特性和特征的细胞和动物模型。海洋无脊椎动物是生物科学的重要研究模型。海蛞蝓和鱿鱼是神经科学领域海洋关键生物的两个例子。海洋无脊椎动物的主要特征是它们的神经系统更简单，由数量较少且较大的细胞组成，这些细胞组织良好且结构易于观察。此外，脊索动物和棘皮动物之间密切的系统发育关系构成了将这些生物用作神经元细胞功能及其细胞可塑性模型的另一个优势。目前，人们对分析脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中神经元与神经胶质细胞之间的信号传导过程非常感兴趣。然而，仅对少数类型的无脊椎动物神经胶质细胞进行了研究，主要是昆虫，因此考虑对海洋生物的研究很重要。因此，本综述的目的是介绍有关海洋无脊椎动物神经元和神经胶质细胞生理学的最新相关信息。
