Quantification of population structure in a natural host.

Cattle are natural hosts of the intracellular pathogen , which inflicts a significant burden on the health and reproduction of these important livestock. The primary routes of infection in field settings have been described, but it is not known how the bovine host shapes the structure of populations during infection. We utilized a library of uniquely barcoded strains to temporally and spatially quantify population structure during colonization of cattle through a natural route of infection. Introducing 10 bacteria from this barcoded library to the conjunctival mucosa resulted in expected levels of local lymph node colonization at a 1-wk time point. We leveraged variance in strain abundance in the library to demonstrate that only 1 in 10,000 brucellae introduced at the site of infection reached a parotid lymph node. Thus, cattle restrict the overwhelming majority of introduced via the ocular conjunctiva at this dose. Individual strains were spatially restricted within the host tissue, and the total census was dominated by a small number of distinct strains in each lymph node. These results define a bottleneck that must traverse to colonize local lymph nodes from the conjunctival mucosa. The data further support a model in which a small number of spatially isolated granulomas founded by unique strains are present at 1 wk postinfection. These experiments demonstrate the power of barcoded transposon tools to quantify infection bottlenecks and to define pathogen population structure in host tissues.