INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
CHU Bretonneau, Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 37044, Tours, France.
Vet Res. 2021 Mar 10;52(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00891-w.
Within the past decades, major progress has been accomplished in isolating germ/stem/pluripotent cells, in refining culture medium and conditions and in establishing 3-dimensional culture systems, towards developing organoids for organs involved in reproduction in mice and to some extent in humans. Haploid male germ cells were generated in vitro from primordial germ cells. So were oocytes, with additional support from ovarian cells and subsequent follicle culture. Going on with the female reproductive tract, spherical oviduct organoids were obtained from adult stem/progenitor cells. Multicellular endometrial structures mimicking functional uterine glands were derived from endometrial cells. Trophoblastic stem cells were induced to form 3-dimensional syncytial-like structures and exhibited invasive properties, a crucial point for placentation. Finally, considering the embryo itself, pluripotent embryonic cells together with additional extra-embryonic cells, could self-organize into a blastoid, and eventually into a post-implantation-like embryo. Most of these accomplishments have yet to be reached in farm animals, but much effort is devoted towards this goal. Here, we review the progress and discuss the specific challenges of developing organoids for the study of reproductive biology in these species. We consider the use of such organoids in basic research to delineate the physiological mechanisms involved at each step of the reproductive process, or to understand how they are altered by environmental factors relevant to animal breeding. We evaluate their potential in reproduction of animals with a high genetic value, from a breeding point of view or in the context of preserving local breeds with limited headcounts.
在过去的几十年中，在分离生殖细胞/干细胞/多能细胞、改进培养基和条件以及建立 3 维培养系统方面取得了重大进展，以便在小鼠和在一定程度上在人类中开发涉及生殖的器官类器官。从原始生殖细胞中体外产生了单倍体雄性生殖细胞。卵母细胞也是如此，卵巢细胞的额外支持和随后的卵泡培养也是如此。继续进行女性生殖道，从成年干细胞/祖细胞中获得了球形输卵管类器官。从子宫内膜细胞中获得了模拟功能性子宫腺的多细胞子宫内膜结构。诱导滋养层干细胞形成 3 维合胞体样结构，并表现出侵袭性，这是胎盘形成的关键。最后，就胚胎本身而言，多能胚胎细胞与额外的胚胎外细胞一起，可以自我组织成胚泡，并最终形成类似于植入后的胚胎。这些成就大多数尚未在农场动物中实现，但为实现这一目标付出了巨大的努力。在这里，我们回顾了这方面的进展，并讨论了在这些物种中研究生殖生物学开发类器官的具体挑战。我们考虑将这些类器官用于基础研究，以描绘生殖过程中每个步骤所涉及的生理机制，或了解环境因素如何改变与动物繁殖相关的生理机制。我们从繁殖角度或在保护遗传价值高的动物或在种群数量有限的地方品种的背景下，评估它们在动物繁殖中的潜力。
