Izzati Mat Rani Nur Najihah, Alzubaidi Zahraa M, Azhari Hanisah, Mustapa Fahimi, Iqbal Mohd Amin Mohd Cairul
Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP) No.3, Jalan Greentown, 30450, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.
Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Jun 5;900:174009. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174009. Epub 2021 Mar 13.
Over the years, extensive studies on erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), as a mechanism for drug delivery, have been explored mainly because the cell itself is the most abundant and has astonishing properties such as a long life span of 100-120 days, low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, and flexibility. There are various types of RBC-based systems for drug delivery, including those that are genetically engineered, non-genetically engineered RBCs, as well as employing erythrocyte as nanocarriers for drug loading. Although promising, these systems are still in an early development stage. In this review, we aimed to highlight the development of biomimicking RBC-based drug and vaccine delivery systems, as well as the loading methods with illustrative examples. Drug-erythrocyte associations will also be discussed and highlighted in this review. We have highlighted the possibility of exploiting erythrocytes for the sustained delivery of drugs and vaccines, encapsulation of these biological agents within the erythrocyte or coupling to the surface of carrier erythrocytes, and provided insights on genetically- and non-genetically engineered erythrocytes-based strategies. Erythrocytes have been known as effective cellular carriers for therapeutic moieties for several years. Herein, we outline various loading methods that can be used to reap the benefits of these natural carriers. It has been shown that drugs and vaccines can be delivered via erythrocytes but it is important to select appropriate methods for increasing the drug encapsulated or conjugated on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane. The outlined examples will guide the selection of the most effective method as well as the impact of using erythrocytes as delivery systems for drugs and vaccines.
多年来，人们一直在探索将红细胞（也称为红血球，RBCs）作为一种药物递送机制进行广泛研究，主要是因为这种细胞本身数量最为丰富，并且具有诸如100 - 120天的长寿命、低免疫原性、良好的生物相容性和柔韧性等惊人特性。有多种基于红细胞的药物递送系统，包括基因工程改造的、非基因工程改造的红细胞，以及将红细胞用作药物负载的纳米载体。尽管前景广阔，但这些系统仍处于早期开发阶段。在本综述中，我们旨在突出基于仿生红细胞的药物和疫苗递送系统的发展，以及通过示例说明其负载方法。本综述还将讨论并强调药物与红细胞的结合。我们强调了利用红细胞实现药物和疫苗持续递送的可能性，将这些生物制剂包裹在红细胞内或偶联到载体红细胞表面，并提供了基于基因工程和非基因工程改造红细胞策略的见解。多年来，红细胞一直被认为是治疗性部分的有效细胞载体。在此，我们概述了各种可用于利用这些天然载体优势的负载方法。已经表明药物和疫苗可以通过红细胞递送，但选择合适的方法来增加包裹在红细胞膜表面或偶联在其表面的药物至关重要。所列举的示例将指导选择最有效的方法以及使用红细胞作为药物和疫苗递送系统的影响。
