NIET, National Institute of Medical Science, India.
Department of Chemistry, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi. Delhi, 110039, India.
Nanotheranostics. 2021 Mar 1;5(3):288-308. doi: 10.7150/ntno.49619. eCollection 2021.
Bio-neuronal led psychiatric abnormalities transpired by the loss of neuronal structure and function (neurodegeneration), pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglial dysfunction, altered neurotransmission, toxicants, serotonin deficiency, kynurenine pathway, and excessively produced neurotoxic substances. These uncontrolled happenings in the etiology of psychiatric disorders initiate further changes in neurotransmitter metabolism, pathologic microglial, cell activation, and impaired neuroplasticity. Inflammatory cytokines, the outcome of dysfunctional mitochondria, dysregulation of the immune system, and under stress functions of the brain are leading biochemical factors for depression and anxiety. Nanoscale drug delivery platforms, inexpensive diagnostics using nanomaterials, nano-scale imaging technologies, and ligand-conjugated nanocrystals used for elucidating the molecular mechanisms and foremost cellular communications liable for such disorders are highly capable features to study for efficient diagnosis and therapy of the mental illness. These theranostic tools made up of multifunctional nanomaterials have the potential for effective and accurate diagnosis, imaging of psychiatric disorders, and are at the forefront of leading technologies in nanotheranostics openings field as they can collectively and efficiently target the stimulated territories of the cerebellum (cells and tissues) through molecular-scale interactions with higher bioavailability, and bio-accessibility. Specifically, the nanoplatforms based neurological changes are playing a significant role in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and portraying the routes of functional restoration of mental disorders by newer imaging tools at nano-level in all directions. Because of these nanotherapeutic platforms, the molecules of nanomedicine can penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier with an increased half-life of drug molecules. The discoveries in nanotheranostics and nanotherapeutics inbuilt unique multi-functionalities are providing the best multiplicities of novel nanotherapeutic potentialities with no toxicity concerns at the level of nano range.
生物神经元导致的精神疾病异常是由神经元结构和功能丧失（神经退行性变）、促炎细胞因子、小胶质细胞功能障碍、神经递质传递改变、毒物、血清素缺乏、犬尿氨酸途径和过度产生的神经毒性物质引起的。这些精神疾病病因中的不受控制的事件会进一步导致神经递质代谢、病理性小胶质细胞、细胞激活和神经可塑性受损的变化。炎症细胞因子、功能失调的线粒体的结果、免疫系统失调以及大脑在压力下的功能是导致抑郁和焦虑的主要生化因素。纳米级药物输送平台、使用纳米材料的廉价诊断、纳米级成像技术以及用于阐明导致这些疾病的分子机制和最重要的细胞通讯的配体偶联纳米晶体，是研究有效诊断和治疗精神疾病的高度可行特征。这些由多功能纳米材料组成的治疗诊断工具具有有效和准确诊断、精神疾病成像的潜力，并且是纳米治疗学领域的前沿技术，因为它们可以通过与更高的生物利用度和生物可及性的分子尺度相互作用，共同且有效地靶向小脑的刺激区域（细胞和组织）。具体来说，基于纳米平台的神经变化在精神疾病的诊断中发挥着重要作用，并通过新型纳米级成像工具在各个方向上描绘精神障碍功能恢复的途径。由于这些纳米治疗平台，纳米药物的分子可以穿透血脑屏障，增加药物分子的半衰期。纳米治疗学和纳米治疗学中的发现具有独特的多功能性，为新型纳米治疗潜力提供了最佳的多样性，而在纳米范围内没有毒性问题。
