Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
Br J Dermatol. 2021 Sep;185(3):573-584. doi: 10.1111/bjd.20072. Epub 2021 May 18.
The human skin offers diverse ecosystems for microbial symbionts. However, the factors shaping skin-microbiome interactions are still insufficiently characterized. This contrasts with the broader knowledge about factors influencing gut microbiota.
We aimed to investigate major patterns of association of host traits, lifestyle and environmental factors with skin bacteria in two German populations.
This is a cross-sectional study with 647 participants from two population-based German cohorts, PopGen (n = 294) and KORA FF4 (n = 353), totalling 1794 skin samples. The V1-V2 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were sequenced. Associations were tested with two bacterial levels, community (beta diversity) and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs).
We validated known associations of the skin microbiota with skin microenvironment, age, body mass index and sex. These factors were associated with beta diversity and abundance of ASVs in PopGen, which was largely replicated in KORA FF4. Most intriguingly, dietary macronutrients and total dietary energy were associated with several ASVs. ASVs were also associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, skin pH, skin type, transepidermal water loss, education and several environmental exposures, including hours spent outdoors. Associated ASVs included members of the genera Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus.
We expand the current understanding of factors associated with the skin bacterial community. We show the association of diet with skin bacteria. Finally, we hypothesize that the skin microenvironment and host physiology would shape the skin bacterial community to a greater extent compared with a single skin physiological feature, lifestyle and environmental exposure.
人类皮肤为微生物共生体提供了多样化的生态系统。然而，塑造皮肤微生物组相互作用的因素仍未得到充分描述。这与更广泛的关于影响肠道微生物组的因素的知识形成对比。
我们旨在调查宿主特征、生活方式和环境因素与两个德国人群体皮肤细菌之间主要关联模式。
这是一项横断面研究，共纳入来自两个基于人群的德国队列 PopGen（n=294）和 KORA FF4（n=353）的 647 名参与者，共采集了 1794 个皮肤样本。对 16S 核糖体 RNA（rRNA）基因的 V1-V2 区进行测序。使用两种细菌水平（β多样性和 16S rRNA 基因扩增子序列变异体 [ASV]）来测试关联。
我们验证了皮肤微生物群与皮肤微环境、年龄、体重指数和性别之间的已知关联。这些因素与 PopGen 中的β多样性和 ASV 丰度相关，在 KORA FF4 中得到了很大程度的复制。最有趣的是，膳食宏量营养素和总膳食能量与几个 ASV 相关。ASV 也与吸烟、饮酒、皮肤 pH 值、皮肤类型、经皮水分流失、教育和几个环境暴露有关，包括在户外度过的时间。相关的 ASV 包括丙酸杆菌、棒状杆菌和葡萄球菌属的成员。
我们扩展了与皮肤细菌群落相关的因素的现有认识。我们表明饮食与皮肤细菌有关。最后，我们假设与单一皮肤生理特征、生活方式和环境暴露相比，皮肤微环境和宿主生理学更能塑造皮肤细菌群落。
