Adhikary Dinesh, Kulkarni Manoj, El-Mezawy Aliaa, Mobini Saied, Elhiti Mohamed, Gjuric Rale, Ray Anamika, Polowick Patricia, Slaski Jan J, Jones Maxwell P, Bhowmik Pankaj
Department of Agricultural, Food, & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Canadian Cannabis Breeding Consortium, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Mar 3;12:627240. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.627240. eCollection 2021.
In recent years high-THC (psychoactive) and low-THC (industrial hemp) type cannabis ( L.) have gained immense attention in medical, food, and a plethora of other consumer product markets. Among the planting materials used for cultivation, tissue culture clones provide various advantages such as economies of scale, production of disease-free and true-to-type plants for reducing the risk of GMP-EuGMP level medical cannabis production, as well as the development and application of various technologies for genetic improvement. Various tissue culture methods have the potential application with cannabis for research, breeding, and novel trait development, as well as commercial mass propagation. Although tissue culture techniques for plant regeneration and micropropagation have been reported for different cannabis genotypes and explant sources, there are significant variations in the response of cultures and the morphogenic pathway. Methods for many high-yielding elite strains are still rudimentary, and protocols are not established. With a recent focus on sequencing and genomics in cannabis, genetic transformation systems are applied to medical cannabis and hemp for functional gene annotation via traditional and transient transformation methods to create novel phenotypes by gene expression modulation and to validate gene function. This review presents the current status of research focusing on different aspects of tissue culture, including micropropagation, transformation, and the regeneration of medicinal cannabis and industrial hemp transformants. Potential future tissue culture research strategies helping elite cannabis breeding and propagation are also presented.
近年来，高THC（具有精神活性）和低THC（工业大麻）类型的大麻（L.）在医疗、食品及众多其他消费品市场中受到了极大关注。在用于种植的材料中，组织培养克隆具有诸多优势，如规模经济、生产无病且性状纯正的植株以降低符合GMP-EuGMP标准的医用大麻生产风险，以及开发和应用各种遗传改良技术。各种组织培养方法在大麻的研究、育种、新性状开发以及商业大规模繁殖方面具有潜在应用价值。尽管针对不同大麻基因型和外植体来源已有关于植株再生和微繁殖的组织培养技术报道，但培养物的反应和形态发生途径存在显著差异。许多高产优良品系的方法仍很初级，且尚未建立相关方案。随着近期对大麻测序和基因组学的关注，遗传转化系统通过传统和瞬时转化方法应用于医用大麻和大麻，用于功能基因注释，通过基因表达调控创造新表型并验证基因功能。本综述介绍了聚焦于组织培养不同方面的研究现状，包括微繁殖、转化以及药用大麻和工业大麻转化体的再生。还提出了有助于优良大麻育种和繁殖的潜在未来组织培养研究策略。
