Adams Tristan K, Masondo Nqobile A, Malatsi Pholoso, Makunga Nokwanda P
Department of Botany and Zoology, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa.
Cannsun Medicinals (Pty.) Ltd., Cape Farms, Atlantis, Cape Town 7349, South Africa.
Plants (Basel). 2021 Sep 30;10(10):2078. doi: 10.3390/plants10102078.
The development of a protocol for the large-scale production of and its variants with little to no somaclonal variation or disease for pharmaceutical and for other industrial use has been an emerging area of research. A limited number of protocols have been developed around the world, obtained through a detailed literature search using web-based database searches, e.g., Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. This article reviews the advances made in relation to tissue culture and micropropagation, such as explant choice and decontamination of explants, direct and indirect organogenesis, rooting, acclimatisation and a few aspects of genetic engineering. Since micropropagation systems are fairly new fields, combinations of plant growth regulator experiments are needed to gain insight into the development of direct and indirect organogenesis protocols that are able to undergo the acclimation stage and maintain healthy plants desirable to the industry. A post-culture analysis of phytochemistry after the acclimatisation stage is lacking in a majority of the reviewed studies, and for in vitro propagation protocols to be accepted by the pharmaceutical industries, phytochemical and possibly pharmacological research need to be undertaken in order to ascertain the integrity of the generated plant material. It is rather difficult to obtain industrially acceptable micropropagation regimes as recalcitrance to the regeneration of in vitro cultured plants remains a major concern and this impedes progress in the application of genetic modification technologies and gene editing tools to be used routinely for the improvement of genotypes that are used in various industries globally. In the future, with more reliable plant tissue culture-based propagation that generates true-to-type plants that have known genetic and metabolomic integrity, the use of genetic engineering systems including "omics" technologies such as next-generation sequencing and fast-evolving gene editing tools could be implemented to speed up the identification of novel genes and mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals for large-scale production.
开发一种用于大规模生产其变体且几乎没有体细胞克隆变异或病害的方案,以用于制药和其他工业用途,这一直是一个新兴的研究领域。通过使用基于网络的数据库搜索(如Scopus、科学网(WoS)和谷歌学术)进行详细的文献检索,世界各地已开发出有限数量的方案。本文综述了在其组织培养和微繁殖方面取得的进展,如外植体的选择和消毒、直接和间接器官发生、生根、驯化以及基因工程的一些方面。由于微繁殖系统是相当新的领域,需要进行植物生长调节剂实验的组合,以深入了解能够经历驯化阶段并培育出该行业所需健康植株的直接和间接器官发生方案的开发。在大多数综述研究中,缺乏对驯化阶段后其植物化学的培养后分析,为了使体外繁殖方案被制药行业接受,需要进行植物化学和可能的药理学研究,以确定所产生植物材料的完整性。很难获得工业上可接受的微繁殖方案,但体外培养植物再生的顽拗性仍然是一个主要问题,这阻碍了基因改造技术和基因编辑工具在全球各行业用于改良其基因型时的常规应用。未来,随着基于更可靠的植物组织培养的繁殖技术能培育出具有已知遗传和代谢组完整性的真实类型植株,包括下一代测序等“组学”技术和快速发展的基因编辑工具在内的基因工程系统可得以应用,以加速鉴定参与其植物化学物质生物合成的新基因和机制,用于大规模生产。