Kelly John F, Eddie David
Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, 6 Floor, Boston, MA 02114.
Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2020 Feb;12(1):116-123. doi: 10.1037/rel0000295. Epub 2019 Dec 12.
More Americans than ever before are identifying as "spiritual but not religious". Both spirituality and religiousness (S/R) are of interest in the addiction field as they are related to alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems and are central to some recovery pathways. Yet, little is known overall about S/R identification among people in recovery, the role these play in aiding recovery, and whether they play more or less of a role for certain sub-groups (e.g., men/women, different races/ethnicities; those with treatment or 12-step histories).
Nationally representative cross-sectional sample of US adults (N=39,809) screening positive to the question, "Did you use to have a problem with alcohol or drugs but no longer do?" (final weighted sample = 2,002). Weighted Chi-Square and Poisson-distributed generalized linear mixed models tested for differences in S/R and for differences across subgroups on extent of: 1) religious, and, 2) spiritual, identification, and the extent to which these had aided recovery.
Participants reported being mostly moderately spiritual and religious, and that, overall, religion had not helped them overcome their AOD problem. In contrast, spirituality was reported as either not helping at all, or having made all the difference. Substantial differences were observed by race-ethnicity across both spirituality and religiousness, and to a lesser degree between men and women. Black Americans reported substantially more S/R than Whites and that these often made all the difference in their recovery. The exact opposite trend was observed for White and Hispanic Americans. Prior professional treatment and 12-step mutual-aid use were both related to greater spirituality, but not religiousness.
Overall, spirituality but not religion, appears to play a role in aiding recovery particularly among those with prior treatment or 12-step histories, but women and men, and racial-ethnic groups in particular, differ strikingly in their religious and spiritual identification and the role these have played in aiding recovery. These differences raise the question of the potential clinical utility of S/R in personalized treatment.
如今，宣称自己“有精神信仰但无宗教信仰”的美国人比以往任何时候都多。精神信仰和宗教信仰（S/R）在成瘾领域备受关注，因为它们与酒精及其他药物（AOD）问题相关，并且是一些康复途径的核心要素。然而，对于康复者中的S/R认同情况、它们在帮助康复过程中所起的作用，以及对于某些亚群体（例如男性/女性、不同种族/族裔；有治疗经历或12步康复历史的人）而言，它们所起作用的大小，总体上了解甚少。
对美国成年人进行具有全国代表性的横断面抽样调查（N = 39,809），这些成年人对“你过去是否有酒精或药物问题，但现在已不再有？”这一问题的回答为阳性（最终加权样本 = 2,002）。采用加权卡方检验和泊松分布广义线性混合模型，来检验S/R方面的差异，以及不同亚群体在以下方面的差异程度：1）宗教认同，以及2）精神信仰认同，以及这些认同在帮助康复方面的程度。
参与者报告称自己大多具有中等程度的精神信仰和宗教信仰，总体而言，宗教信仰并未帮助他们克服AOD问题。相比之下，精神信仰要么被报告为根本没有帮助，要么被报告为起到了至关重要的作用。在精神信仰和宗教信仰方面，不同种族/族裔之间存在显著差异，在一定程度上男女之间也存在差异。非裔美国人报告的S/R比白人多得多，而且这些往往对他们的康复起到了至关重要的作用。白人和西班牙裔美国人则呈现出相反的趋势。之前接受过专业治疗和使用12步互助法都与更强的精神信仰相关，但与宗教信仰无关。
总体而言，似乎是精神信仰而非宗教信仰在帮助康复方面发挥了作用，尤其是在那些有过治疗经历或12步康复历史的人中，但男性和女性，特别是不同种族/族裔群体，在宗教和精神信仰认同以及这些认同在帮助康复中所起的作用方面存在显著差异。这些差异引发了S/R在个性化治疗中潜在临床效用的问题。
